Mental Health and Mass Violence

123 Pages·2002·1.67 MB·English

Mental Health
and Mass Violence
Evidence-Based Early Psychological
Intervention for Victims/Survivors
of Mass Violence
A Workshop to Reach Consensus on Best Practices
(cid:1)

Recommended Citation:
National Institute of Mental Health (2002). Mental Health and Mass Violence:
Evidence-Based Early Psychological Intervention for Victims/Survivors of Mass
Violence. A Workshop to Reach Consensus on Best Practices. NIH Publication
No. 02-5138, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Single copies of this report are available through:

The National Institute of Mental Health
Office of Communications and Public Liaison
6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 8184
Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
Telephone: [phone]

and are available on line at: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/massviolence.pdf
Mental Health
and Mass Violence
Evidence-Based Early Psychological
Intervention for Victims/Survivors
of Mass Violence
A Workshop to Reach Consensus on Best Practices
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
U.S. Department of Defense
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
U.S. Department of Justice
American Red Cross
Airlie Conference Center
Warrenton, Virginia
October 29-November 1, 2001

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... i
Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5
Implications ................................................................................................................. 5
Core Questions ............................................................................................................. 6
Areas of Consensus ..................................................................................................... 6
Key Operating Principles of Early Intervention ...................................................... 6
Guidance on Best Practices Based on Current Research Evidence .......................... 7
Key Considerations for Timing of Early Interventions ............................................ 8
Screening for Survivors ......................................................................................... 8
Follow-Up (For Whom and Over What Period of Time?) ........................................ 9
Expertise, Skills and Training for Providers of Early Intervention Services ............ 9
Research and Evaluation ..................................................................................... 10
Ethical Issues ...................................................................................................... 11
Key Questions to Address Within the Field of Early Intervention ......................... 11
Appendix A: Key Components of Early Intervention ................................................... 13
Appendix B: Guidance for Timing of Early Interventions ........................................... 15
Appendix C: Resource Organizations ......................................................................... 17
Appendix D: Glossary of Terms ................................................................................. 22
Appendix E: Training of the Early Intervention Workforce ........................................ 28
Appendix F: Additions and Dissenting Opinions ....................................................... 34
Appendix G: Intervention Literature Review Tables ................................................... 37
Appendix H: Measures .............................................................................................. 98
Appendix I: References ............................................................................................ 100

Acknowledgments
We wish to thank the following individuals and organizations for sharing their time and expertise.
Planning Committee
Elspeth Cameron Ritchie, M.D., LTC, USA, Planning Committee Chair and Program Director, Mental
Health Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense
Clete DiGiovanni, M.D., Psychiatrist, National Naval Medical Center
Joye Whatley, MHSM, Department of Justice
Matthew J. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D., Executive Director, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
Farris Tuma, Sc.D., Chief, Traumatic Stress Program, National Institute of Mental Health
Robert J. Ursano, M.D., Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the
Health Sciences
Patricia Watson, Ph.D., Deputy for Education and Clinical Networking, National Center for Post-
Traumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
Gregory Belenky, M.D., COL, USA, Director, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of
Research
Connie L. Best, Ph.D., Professor, National Crime Victims Center, Medical University of South Carolina
Robert DeMartino, M.D., CDR, USPHS, Associate Director, Program in Trauma and Terrorism, Center for
Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Thomas A. Grieger, M.D., CAPT, USN, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed
Services University of the Health Sciences
Susan E. Hamilton, Ph.D., Disaster Mental Health Services Associate, American Red Cross
Kenneth Hoffman(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D.,(cid:1)COL,(cid:1)USA, Medical Director, Military and Veterans Health Coordinating Board
Ann E. Norwood(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., COL, USA, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences
Beverley Raphael, M.D., Centre for Mental Health, New South Wales, Australia
James R. Rundell(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., COL, USAF, Deputy Commander for Clinical Services, Landstuhl Regional
Medical Center
Josef Ian Ruzek, Ph.D., Associate Director for Education, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
James W. Stokes(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., COL, USA, Combat/Operational Stress Control Program Officer, U.S. Army
Medical Command
Simon Wessely, M.D., Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, and Institute of
Psychiatry, London, U.K.
Richard Jed Wyatt, M.D. (Deceased), Chief, Neuropsychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health
i
Literature Review Tables and Coding System for Levels of Evidence
Matthew J. Friedman(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., Ph.D., Executive Director, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,
Department of Veterans Affairs
Laura Gibson(cid:0)(cid:1)Ph.D., National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
Beverley Raphael(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D.,(cid:1)Centre for Mental Health, New South Wales, Australia
Josef Ian Ruzek(cid:0)(cid:1)Ph.D., Associate Director for Education, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
Paula P. Schnurr(cid:0)(cid:1)Ph.D., Deputy to the Executive Director, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
Patricia Watson(cid:0)(cid:1)Ph.D., Deputy for Education and Clinical Networking, National Center for Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
Simon Wessely(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, and Institute of
Psychiatry, London, U.K.
Participants
Gregory Belenky(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D.,(cid:1)COL, USA, Director, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of
Research
Connie L. Best, Ph.D., Professor, National Crime Victims Center, Medical University of South Carolina
Randy Boddam(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D.,(cid:1)COL, Director, Mental Health Services, Canadian Forces, Base Hospital, CFB Borden
Richard Bryant, Ph.D., Associate Professor, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales,
Australia
Carl Andrew Castro(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D.,(cid:1)LTC, USA, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Joseph P. Chozinski(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., LTC, USAF, Psychiatry Consultant to the U.S. Air Force Surgeon General
Robert DeMartino(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., CDR, USPHS, Associate Director, Program in Trauma and Terrorism, Center for
Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Clete DiGiovanni, M.D., Psychiatrist, National Naval Medical Center
Charles C. Engel(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., M.P.H., LTC, USA, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry,
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
George S. Everly, Jr., Ph.D., Chairman Emeritus, International Critical Incident Stress Foundation
Chip J. Felton, M.S.W., Associate Commissioner and Director, Center for Performance Evaluations and
Outcomes Management, New York State Office of Mental Health
Brian W. Flynn(cid:0)(cid:1)Ed.D., RADM, USN, Director, Division of Program Development, Special Populations and
Projects, Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Matthew J. Friedman, M.D., M.P.H., Executive Director, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
Carol S. Fullerton, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of
the Health Sciences
Thomas A. Grieger(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., CAPT, USN, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences
Fred D. Gusman, M.S.W., Director, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, VA Palo Alto
Healthcare System
ii
Susan E. Hamilton, Ph.D., Disaster Mental Health Services Associate, American Red Cross
Seth Daniel Hassett, M.S.W., Public Health Analyst, Emergency Services and Disaster Relief Branch,
Center for Mental Health Services
Kenneth Hoffman(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., COL, USA, Medical Director, Military and Veterans Health Coordinating Board
Harry Charles Holloway, M.D., Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences
Terence M. Keane, Ph. D., Director, Behavioral Science Division, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, VA Boston Healthcare System
John S. Kennedy(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., LCDR, USN, Staff Psychiatrist, Behavioral Healthcare Service Line, National Naval
Medical Center
Rayford Kytle, Writer/Editor, National Institute of Mental Health
Laurent S. Lehmann, M.D., Chief Consultant, Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, Department of
Veterans Affairs
Brett T. Litz, Ph.D., Associate Director, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Behavioral
Science Division, VA Boston Health Care System and Boston University School of Medicine
David H. Marlowe, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Randall D. Marshall, M.D., Director of Trauma Studies and Services, New York State Psychiatric Institute,
and Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Yuval Neria, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Columbia University
Fran H. Norris, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University
Ann E. Norwood(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., COL, USN, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences
John M. Oldham, M.D., Director, New York State Psychiatric Institute
Roderick J. Orner, Ph.D., Baverstock House, Lincoln, U.K.
Virgil J. Patterson(cid:0)(cid:1)Ph.D., COL, USA, Social Work Consultant to the Army Surgeon General, U.S. Army
Medical Department Center and School
Kyle L. Pehrson(cid:0)(cid:1)D.S.W., COL, USAR, Reserve Social Work Consultant to the Army Surgeon General, U.S.
Army Medical Command
Betty Pfefferbaum, M.D., J.D., Chairman of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Jack Pierce(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., CDR, MC, USNR, Clinical Program Officer, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps
Robert S. Pynoos, M.D., M.P.H., Co-Director, National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, and Professor of
Psychiatry, UCLA Department of Psychiatry
Beverley Raphael, M.D., Centre for Mental Health, New South Wales, Australia
Elspeth Cameron Ritchie(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., LTC, USA, Program Director, Mental Health Policy, Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense
James R. Rundell(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., COL, USAF, Deputy Commander for Clinical Services, Landstuhl Regional Medical
Center
Josef Ian Ruzek, Ph.D., Associate Director for Education, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
Paula P. Schnurr, Ph.D., Deputy to the Executive Director, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
Gregory Smith, Vice President/Deputy Director, Disaster Services, American National Red Cross
iii
Arieh Y. Shalev, M.D., Professor and Head, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah University Hospital,
Israel
Zahava Solomon, Ph.D., Professor and Director, The Adler Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Anthony Speier, Ph.D.,(cid:1)Director, Division of Community Services, Louisiana Office of Mental Health
James W. Stokes(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., COL, USA, Combat/Operational Stress Control Program Officer, U.S. Army Medical
Command
Eric S. Swanson(cid:0)(cid:1)GYSGT, USMC, Operational Stress Control and Restoration Team, Staff Non-
Commissioned Officer in Charge, Division Psychiatry, 2D Marine Division
John R. Tassey, Ph.D., Clinical Psychologist, American Red Cross/VA Medical Center
Farris Tuma, Sc.D., Chief, Traumatic Stress Program, National Institute of Mental Health
Kathryn M. Turman, Deputy Director, Office for Victims of Crime, U.S. Department of Justice
Robert J. Ursano, M.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences
Patricia Watson, Ph.D., Deputy for Education and Clinical Networking, National Center for Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs
Lars Weisaeth, M.D., Ph.D., Professor and Director, Defense Headquarters, Norway, Medical Staff
Simon Wessely, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London and
Institute of Psychiatry, London, U.K.
Joye Whatley, MHSM, Program Specialist, Office for Victims of Crime, U.S. Department of Justice
Richard J. Wyatt, M.D. (Deceased), Chief, Neuropsychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health
Douglas Zatzick, M.D., Assistant Professor, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University
of Washington
TRW Systems
Todd Trafford, Program Manager
Bob Johnson, Operations Manager
Jose Salazar, Logistics Support
Bonnie Stephens, On-Site & Video Support
Scott Henderson, Technical Editor
Anne Saphara, Graphic Artist
And many others from the Systems Analysis Directorate of Information & Technical Services Division.
National Institute of Mental Health
Editorial and Publications Staff(cid:1)
Rayford Kytle, Writer/Editor
Principal Authors and Editors
Elspeth Cameron Ritchie(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., LTC, USA, Program Director, Mental Health Policy, Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense, Department of Defense
Matthew J. Friedman(cid:0)(cid:1)M.D., Ph.D., Executive Director, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,
Department of Veterans Affairs
iv