Mental Health and Illness in the City PDF
Preview Mental Health and Illness in the City
Mental Health and Illness Worldwide Series Editors: Norman Sartorius · Ee Heok Kua Niels Okkels Christina Blanner Kristiansen Povl Munk-Jørgensen Editors Mental Health and Illness in the City Mental Health and Illness Worldwide SeriesEditors NormanSartorius MentalHealthProgrammes(AMH) AssociationfortheImprovement Geneva,Switzerland EeHeokKua NationalUniversityofSingapore Singapore,Singapore MostbooksonmentalhealthandillnessarepublishedforreadersinNorthAmerica andEurope,andnotmuchisknownaboutpsychiatricpractice,servicesandresearch in Asia, Africa, and South America. This series will include contributions of cliniciansandresearchersworldwide.Eachvolumewillcoverbroadissuesincluding epidemiology,cross-culturalcomparison,clinicalresearch,stigmaofmentalillness, culturalissuesinmentalhealthcare,healtheconomics,innovativeservices,preven- tive programs and health service outcome research. The volumes will find a wide readership among psychiatrists, psychologists, sociologists, health policy makers, socialworkers,healtheconomists,anthropologistsandphilosophers.Itwillprovide the readers a broader perspective of mental health and illness worldwide and also futureresearchinitiatives. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/14178 (cid:129) Niels Okkels Christina Blanner Kristiansen Povl Munk-Jørgensen Editors Mental Health and Illness in the City With a special contribution by D. Goldberg and G. Thornicroft With20Figuresand16Tables Editors NielsOkkels ChristinaBlannerKristiansen DepartmentofAffectiveDisorders DepartmentofPsychiatry AarhusUniversityHospitalRisskov OdenseUniversityHospital Risskov,Denmark Odense,Denmark PovlMunk-Jørgensen DepartmentofPsychiatry OdenseUniversityHospital Odense,Denmark ISBN978-981-10-2325-5 ISBN978-981-10-2327-9(eBook) ISBN978-981-10-2326-2(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2327-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017945746 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Series Preface Psychiatrylivesexcitingandchallengingtimes.Advancesofknowledgestemming frombasicsciencesandepidemiologicalandclinicalresearchhaveprovidedabetter understanding of the etiopathogenesis, psychopathology, and natural history of mental disorders. Improved methods of treatment have changed clinical practice andprolongedthelifeofpeoplewithmentalillness.Economicconsiderationandthe emphasisonhumanrightsofpeoplewithmentalillnessmadeaprofoundimpacton thewayinwhichpsychiatryistobepracticed. Regrettably,however,psychiatryisnotpracticedinthesamemanneraroundthe world.Undergraduateandpostgraduateeducationinpsychiatryvariesincontentand durationfromcountrytocountry.Psychiatristsusedifferentdosesofmedicationfor thesamedisorders.Thesystemsofcareforpeoplewithmentalillnessesdifferinthe organizationandcontentoftheirinterventions.Supporttoscientificinvestigationsof mattersrelatedtopsychiatryfluctuatesandinmanycountriesamountstoverylittle. Informationaboutthefunctionofpsychiatricservicesvariesinquantityandquality. This series of seven books on Mental Health and Illnesses Worldwide aims to help in reducing these differences and facilitate international collaboration in psy- chiatry.Wehaveinvitedtopexpertsfromdifferentcountriestoeditthevolumes,and they have in turn selected authors from different parts of the world. We have also decidedtoapproachthebodyofpsychiatryfromapublichealthandepidemiological perspective rather than have books dealing with different groups of diseases. The seriesincludesbooksexaminingandpresentingknowledgeassembledaccordingto social and public health variables – gender, urbanity, migratory status, age, and education.Eachofthevolumehasadoptedawideperspectiveandincludedchapters basedonknowledgestemmingfromepidemiology,onresultsoftheinvestigationof culturalissues,onthebestofpsychopathology,ontheresultsoftheinvestigationof biological factors, mental health care and its innovations, health economics, and experiencegainedinpreventiveprograms.Thevolumeeditorshaveagreedtoaimat producingvolumesmarkedbythebalanceofinformationandknowledgefrombasic socialandbehavioralsciencesandfromclinicalpractice. Thesevenvolumesofthisopusare: 1. MentalHealthandIllnessintheCity Editors (Denmark): Niels Okkels, Christina Blanner Kristiansen, Povl Munk- Jørgensen v vi SeriesPreface 2. MentalHealthandIllnessoftheElderly Editors:HelenChiu(HongKong)andKenShulman(Canada) 3. MentalHealthandIllnessofWomen Editors:PrabhaChandra(India)andHelenHerrmanandJaneFisher(Australia) 4. MentalHealthandIllnessinRuralCommunities Editor:S.Chaturvedi(India) 5. MentalHealthandIllnessinMigrantPopulations Editors: Driss Moussaoui (Africa), Dinesh Bhugra (United Kingdom), and AntonioVentriglio(Italy) 6. MentalHealthandIllnessofChildrenandAdolescents Editors: Eric Taylor (United Kingdom), John Wong (Singapore), and Frank Verhulst(Netherlands) 7. EducationAboutMentalHealthandIllness Editors:Marc Herman (Belgium),TanChay Hoon (Singapore), and Edmond Pi (USA) We were delighted to see that the volume editors have succeeded in recruiting outstandinglyknowledgeableauthorsforthechaptersoftheirbooks.Mostofthem have received worldwide recognition for their contributions in their fields of spe- cialization, and all of them have written their texts with authority and excellent judgmentconcerningthematerialstobeincluded. We believe that this series of books demonstrates the importance and value of interdisciplinary and international collaboration and that it will provide readers a globalperspectiveofmentalhealthandmentalillness.Wealsohopethatitwillhelp to make our discipline more homogenous and bring its practitioners worldwide closertogetherinthepursuitofhelpingpeoplewithmentalillnessworldwide. We wish to express our profound gratitude to Niels Okkels, Christina Blanner Kristiansen,andPovlMunk-Jorgensen,theeditorsofthisvolumeonMentalHealth andIllnessintheCity–thefirstoftheseries–fortheircommitmentanddedication tothisexcellentwork. NormanSartorius KuaEeHeok Volume Preface In this book, we give you different perspectives on urban mental health from all around the world. Authors from different kinds of cities, both regarding size, geography, culture, and income, all present important issues in mental health and illness.However–andthisismostimportant–theydonotmerelygiveyoutheusual summary of problems that researchers often tend to. They also give you their perspectivesandsuggestionsforsolutions. ThebiggestcityinDenmarkisCopenhagenwithaboutonemillioninhabitants. To many people in Asia, where several megacities have more than ten millions of inhabitants–moreinhabitantsthanmanysmallercountries–thiswouldprobablybe considered a town. Despite the differences in sizes and geography, however, the cities of the world have much in common. From the person living in the smallest EuropeanprovincialtowntohiscounterpartinanAsianmegacity,citylivinghasits prosandcons.Theendlesspossibilitiesofthecitycomewithaprize:Longopening hours in shops and stores offer nonstop shopping, but also long working hours for the employees. Crowded multicultural neighborhoods make the city an inspiring cultural melting pot, but carry the risk of marginalizing minority groups. Larger citiesofferimpressivepublictransportationnetworks,butatthesametimeamassive intrudinganddestructivetraffic,resultinginbothairandnoisepollutionaswellas causing a stressful environment for both pedestrians and those behind the wheels. Thoughbigreportsandboldstatementsfrommajorpoliticalactorsandinternational organizationsareobviouslynecessarystepsforactionstobetakenitseemsthatthese are too general – they are often elusive and lack “what-can-actually-be-done” opportunities. As such, the motivation for the book is both to explore how city living affects mental health, but at the same provide real-world solutions to the problemswemayfind. Today, more than half of the world’s population live in cities. The ongoing urbanizationoccursinparallelwithanincreaseintheprevalenceofmentalillness. The question is then, if urban living may be associated with mental illness? In the book,wefirstpresentthehistoricalevidenceforanurban-ruraldifferenceinmental illness.Wethenexplorethecityenvironmentandinvestigateasampleofchallenges thatarebothimportanttomentalhealthandfrequentlyrelatedtocityliving,suchas singlepersonhouseholds,traffic,noise,highratesofdruguseandcrime,homeless- ness, and limited access to green areas. These are all existing and perhaps even vii viii VolumePreface increasing challenges despite many politicians in power – and in opposition – are awareoftheharmfuleffects,alsoonmentalhealth. On the positive side, the city may offer opportunities for the prevention and treatment of mental illness that rural areas cannot. One such advantage lies within the organization of mental health services. In the middle section of the book, we therefore look at the mental health services of major cities and how these have developedoverthepastdecades.Asitturnsout,therecentdeinstitutionalizationand growth of community mental health services has changed psychiatric services considerably – both for better and for worse. We highlight a few interesting initia- tives that accommodate the current challenges, such as new model to find housing forhomelesspeople.Thefinalsectionofthebookisdedicatedtochapterswefindto be particularly visionary, regarding real-life solutions aiming to improve mental healthinthecity. In1996,professorsDavidGoldbergandGrahamThornicroftpublishedthebook MentalHealthinOurFutureCities.Inthebook,authorsfrommegacitiesallaround theworldwereinvitedtodescribetheorganizationoftheirlocalurbanmentalhealth services.Thecitieswerechosenbecausetheyhadpublishedinterestingworkonthe pastandrecentchallengeofdeinstitutionalization. Now,20yearslater,GoldbergandThornicrofthaveinvitedallthesameauthorsto do a follow-up on the changes and developments in the past two decades. In their special contribution “Mental Health Care in 11 Major Cities Over Two Decades,” chapter9inthisbook,theygiveanoverviewofthecurrentstatusandchallengesof mentalhealthservicesinaseriesoflargecitiesfromalltheworld’scontinents.Their conclusionisinterestingandimportanttoallwithinterestinmentalhealthcare. Throughout the book you will find opinions of what could – and should – be done toward the challenges presented in each of the chapters. Thus, it is our hope that by theend ofreading the book, you will not only be more aware of the major problemsofmentalhealthandcityliving–youwillalsobeencouragedthatactions canbetaken,thatthereareactualpossibilitiesandsolutions,andthatwecaneach participateinimprovingmentalhealthinthecity. Theeditors NielsOkkels ChristinaBlannerKristiansen PovlMunk-Jørgensen Contents 1 ReviewofUrbanMentalHealth ........................... 1 NielsOkkels,ChristinaBlannerKristiansen,and PovlMunk-Jørgensen PartI Primarius .......................................... 15 2 HistoryofUrbanMentalIllness ........................... 17 EdwardShorter PartII UrbanMentalHealth:TheFacts ....................... 25 3 Urban-RuralDifferencesinMajorMentalHealthConditions ... 27 FrancescaSolmi,JenniferDykxhoorn,andJamesB.Kirkbride 4 HomicideandSuicideinMegacities ........................ 133 CarolinaZieboldJorquera,DenisseJaen-Varas,andJairdeJesusMari PartIII UrbanMentalHealth:Challenges .................... 153 5 Institutions:PrisonsandAsylumsandthe Deinstitutionalization ................................... 155 SeanZ.Kaliski 6 Crime,IllegalDrugs,andMentalHealth .................... 169 JoanaCorrêadeMagalhãesNarvaez,CarolineGalliMoreira,and FernandoRosadaRosa 7 DiscriminationinUrbanSettings .......................... 191 SoumitraPathare,AntonioVentriglio,RubensDantas,and DineshBhugra 8 LonelinessandSingle-PersonHouseholds:IssuesofKodokushi andHikikomoriinJapan ................................. 205 TakahiroA.Kato,NaotakaShinfuku,NormanSartorius,and ShigenobuKanba ix
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