Men’s Violence Against Women: Theory, Research, and Activism

289 Pages·2007·2.03 MB·English

by  Christopher Kilmartin

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Men’s Violence
Against Women
Theory, Research,
and Activism
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Men’s Violence
Against Women
Theory, Research,
and Activism
Christopher Kilmartin
University of Mary Washington
Julie Allison
Pittsburg State University
LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS
2007 Mahwah, New Jersey London
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Senior Acquisitions Editor: Debra Riegert
Editorial Assistant: Rebecca Larsen
Cover Design: Tomai Maridou
Full-Service Compositor: MidAtlantic Books & Journals, Inc.
This book was typeset in 11/13 pt. Garamond Book, Italic, Bold, and Bold Italic
with Zapf Humanist.
Copyright ©2007 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in
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other means, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers
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CIP information for this volume can be obtained by contacting the
Library of Congress.
ISBN 978–0–8058–5770–2 — 0–8058–5770–2 (case)
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Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on
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For all the courageous women and men
who work tirelessly to bring an end
to gender-based violence
And for those of you willing to join the efforts
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Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction xvii
About Language xx
PART I: THE PROBLEM, THE PERPETRATOR,
THE VICTIM 1
1 Understanding Gender-Based Violence 3
Gender-Based Violence 5
Power 6
Rape and Sexual Assault 9
The Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault 10
Intimate Partner Violence 11
The Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence 12
Box 1.1: Joel Steinberg: A Violent Offender 13
The Cycle of Violence 16
Box 1.2: The Power and Control Wheel 18
Sexual Harassment 23
The Prevalence of Sexual Harassment 25
Stalking 27
vii
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viii • CONTENTS
The Definition of Stalking 28
Stalking: Incidence and Prevalence Rates 28
Cyberstalking 29
Male Victims of Gender-Based Violence 30
Homophobia and Gender-Based Violence 30
Box 1.3: The Murder of Matthew Sheppard 31
Summary 32
Key Terms 34
Critical Thinking Questions 35
2 Understanding the Offender 37
A Model for Understanding Offenders 37
Box 2.1: Perspectives on the Claim: “All Males
are Potential Rapists” 39
Component #1: Pathology of the Perpetrator 41
Sexual Assault and Rape 41
Box 2.2: The Role of Alcohol in
Gender-based Violence 42
Box 2.3: Interview with a Rapist 47
Intimate Partner Violence 46
Box 2.4: Letter from a Batterer 52
Stalkers 53
Simple Obsessional 54
Erotomanic 54
Love Obsessional 55
Sexual Harassment 55
Component #2: Decision to Act Violently 56
Component #3: Means to Do Harm 57
Component #4: Social Support for Violence 58
Summary 61
Key Terms 62
Critical Thinking Questions 63
3 The Survivors: Consequences of
Gender-Based Violence 65
A Survivor’s Story 65
Who are the Survivors 67
The Financial Costs of Victimizing 69
Psychological Consequences of Victimizing 70
Shattered Assumptions 70
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Contents • ix
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 72
Consequences of Sexual Assault and Rape 72
Box 3.1: Rape Trauma Syndrome 73
Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence 74
Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence
and Stalking 75
Consequences of Sexual Harassment 75
Box 3.2: “Battered Woman Syndrome” 76
Factors Related to PTSD Symptomology
or Diagnosis 77
Characteristics of the Abuse 78
Sex of Victim 79
Revictimization 79
Depression 80
Recovering from Gendered Violence 81
Social Cognitions 82
Social Support 82
Summary 83
Key Terms 83
Box 3.3: An Interview with Katie Koestner 84
Critical Thinking Questions 87
PART II: THEORY 89
4 Social Perspectives: Attitudinal Foundations
of Gender-based Violence 91
Attitudes 92
Box 4.1: Learning from Dad 93
Cognitively Based Attitudes 93
Behaviorally Based Attitudes 94
Affectively Based Attitudes 94
Classically conditioned attitudes 94
Operantly conditioned attitudes 94
Explicit versus implicit attitudes 96
Box 4.2: Modern Sexism 96
Prejudice 96
Stereotypes 97
Levels of Processing: Automatic and Controlled 97
Gender Stereotypes 98
Masculinity 98
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Box 4.3: On Girly Men 99
Femininity 100
Box 4.4: Being Powerful vs. Feeling Powerful 101
Hypermasculinity 100
Box 4.5: Of Stereotypes and Substereotypes 102
Hyperfemininity 103
Box 4.6: Chivalry 105
Cognitive Dissonance Theory 108
Summary 110
Key Terms 111
Critical Thinking Questions 112
5 The Big Picture 113
The Historical Foundations of Gender Inequality 114
A History of Gender and Labor 114
Box 5.1: Imagining the Self as a Person
of the Other Sex 117
Culture and Violence 120
Toward Solutions 124
Summary 125
Key Terms 126
Critical Thinking Questions 126
PART III: INTERVENTION
AND PREVENTION 127
6 Responding to Gender-Based Violence:
Intervention 129
Intervention for Survivors 130
Personal Intervention 130
Public Intervention 136
Box 6.1: Reducing the Risk of Rape
and Sexual Assault 138
Intervention with Perpetrators 137
Box 6.2: The Criminal Justice System 140
Criminal Justice Intervention 140
Reporting Gender-based Violence 141
From Arrest to Conviction 141
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Contents • xi
Box 6.3: Denying the Reality
of Gender-Based Crime 142
Box 6.4: Reporting Rates for Gender-Based
Violent Crime 143
Box 6.5: Police Response Advocacy Intervention
Programming 146
Treatment for Perpetrators 148
Box 6.6: Sex Offender Community Notification 149
Box 6.7: Recidivism Rates Among Sex
Offenders 151
Treating Offenders of Intimate Partner Violence 153
Effectiveness of Intimate Partner Violence Programs 154
Box 6.8: The Duluth Model Control Log 155
Summary 157
Key Terms 157
Critical Thinking Questions 158
7 Gender-based Violence: Towards Prevention 159
Box 7.1: On Blame and Responsibility 160
Moving Towards Violence Prevention 162
The Involvement of Men 162
Box 7.2: Resistance Awareness vs. Prevention 163
Box 7.3: An Interview with Don McPherson 165
Box 7.4: Safe Dates: A Dating Violence
Prevention Curriculum 172
Types of Gender-based Violence-Prevention
Programs 173
Men and Women Doing Prevention Work 174
Women as Active Participants in the Movement 175
Goals of Violence-Prevention Programming
for Men 175
Box 7.5: “The Box” of Masculinity 177
Box 7.6: Having Healthy Relationships 181
Box 7.7: On Privilege 182
Summary 183
Key Terms 184
Critical Thinking Questions 184
8 Model Prevention Programs 187
The Social Norms Approach 188