Men in Transition: Theory and Theraphy PDF
Preview Men in Transition: Theory and Theraphy
MEN IN TRANSITION Theory and Therapy MEN IN TRANSITION Theory and Therapy EDITED BY KENNETH SOLOMON, M.D. Adjunct Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry University of Maryland School of Medicine Associate Director for Education and Planning Levindale Hebrew Geriatric Center and Hospital Baltimore, Maryland AND NORMAN B. LEVY, M. D. Professor of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Surgery New York Medical College Director, Liaison Psychiatry Division Westchester County Medical Center Valhalla, New York PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Men in transition. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Men-Mental health. I. Solomon, Kenneth, 1947- . II. Levy, Norman B., 1931- . [DNLM: 1. Identification-Psychology. 2. Men-Psychology. 3. Psychoanalytic theory. 4. Psychotherapy. WM 460.5.M5 M266j RC451.4.M45M46 1982 362.2'088041 82·15134 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4213-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4211-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4211-3 ©1982 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1982 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Con tribu tors Jack O. Balswick, Ph.D., Department of Pastoral and Family Ministries, Fuller The ological Seminary, Pasadena, California Teresa Bernardez, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Jacqueline Boles, Ph.D., Department of Sociology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia Alexandra Botwin, Ph. D., Department of Medical Psychology, University of Califor nia, San Francisco, California David A. Dosser, Jr., Ph.D., Department of Child Development and Family Relations, College of Home Economics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota Jerry M. Friedman, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York Marvin R. Goldfried, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York Robert E. Gould, M.D., Departments of Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Family Life Division, New York Medical College and Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York City, New York Richard L. Grant, M. D., Southeastern Colorado Family Guidance and Mental Health Center, La Junta, Colorado, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver, Colorado Ellen Halle, M.M.H., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Marylalld Wolfgang Lederer, M.D., Departmellt of Psychiatry, Ulliversity of California, San Frallcisco, California Norman B. Levy, M.D., Psychiatric Liaison Service, Westchester Coullty Medical Center, and Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine, alld Surgery, Valhalla, New York Robert A. Lewis, Ph.D., Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Pur due University, West Lafayette, Indiana v VI C()i\:TRIBCTORS John Money, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, Phipps Clinic, /ohns Hopkins Univer sity School of Medicille, Baltimore, Maryland Carol C. Nadelson, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, Tufts-New Englalld Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Theodore Nadelson, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, Veteralls Administration Med ical Center, and Department of Psychiatry, Tllfts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Joseph L. Norton, Ph.D., Department of Counselhlg Psychology and Student Develop ment, State University of New York, Albany, New York James M. O'Neil, Ph.D., Department of Education, Ulliversity COllllse/ing Cellter and Department of Counseling, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas Craig L. Roberts, Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Kenneth Solomon, M.D., Levindale Hebrew Geriatric Center and Hospital; Depart ment of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Terry S. Stein, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, Colleges of Human Medicine and Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lallsing, Michigan Charlotte Tatro, Ph.D., Institute for Women, Miami, Florida Martin R. Wong, Ph.D., Psychology Service, Veterans Admillistration Medical Cellter Battle Creek, Michigan Preface Every year the few hundred members of the Committees, Task Forces, and Councils of the American Psychiatric Association meet in Washington, D.C. to conduct their business. They deliberate on a wide variety of issues encompassed in the activities of each group. The psychiatrists constituting this mixed and somewhat elite group include some of the better-known and promising people in the profession, which makes the plenary session and cocktail party good occasions to meet old friends and to make new ones. Several years ago one of us (N.B.L.) attended this gathering as a member of a soon-to-be defunct group, the Committee Liaison with the American College of Physicians, and met Ann Chappell, a member of the Task Force on Women. We were soon joined by Richard Grant. Ann impressed us with the work her group was doing on issues surrounding the Women's Movement as it relates to patients and the changing roles of the early 1970s. She was struck by the fact that although some women had been very active in this endeavor, nobody in Ameri can psychiatry was addressing issues which are arising in men as a result of the changing roles of women in society. Dick and Norm were moved by what she said and decided that they would make an effort to gather together people interested in the issue of the changing roles of males in society at the oncoming meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. The initial occasion, in 1977, was a relatively informal Open Forum in which a variety of interested people spoke, some quite articulately, about the effects of the Women's Movement upon men. In subsequent years, sessions at the Ameri can Psychiatric Association were organized and chaired by the editors of this book. We were most impressed that this was a theme of active interest in a significant group of people. As we became further involved with this subject, we got to know a number of individuals who have actively addressed this theme. They were sociologists, psychologists, social workers, and psychiatrists. We thought that psychiatrists and other mental health workers, in particular, needed to know about the research on and effects of changing masculine roles. Unlike other medical specialties whose concepts of normality are relatively fixed, mental health workers must adapt their concepts of illness and health to vii viii PRITAc.:E custom and social change. The consequences of the Women's Movement's ex amination of gender role stereotyping have produced profound social changes. For example, in judging illness vs. health, when considering a man's wish to stay at home and assume greater household responsibility in order to permit his partner greater freedom for outside work, mental health workers should re spond differently now from the way they did in the 1950s. Issues of normality or abnormality in this area cannot be addressed with the certainties of the past. Mental health workers need to be sensitive to and aware of the changing spec trum of societal norms and its impact upon the people they see for diagnosis and therapy. In addition, they need to monitor themselves so that they do not bring outdated value systems into their work. Two years ago we agreed to coedit a volume of the papers presented at past American Psychiatric Association meetings and selected new ones on changing masculine roles. Although this book is not the first volume with the general theme of the changing roles of males in society, it is the first that is edited by psychiatrists and has significant contributions by mental health workers. It is also the first not written just upon what changes have, will, or should occur, but also the pertinence of these changes for the practice of psychotherapy. We were most pleased to find Plenum Publishing Corporation actively re ceptive and extremely interested in publishing this book. We are particularly thankful to Hilary Evans and Beth Kaufman of Plenum Publishing Corporation for their support. In addition, we wish to express our gratitude to a number of people who have helped in producing this volume. Special thanks goes to Ann Chappell, whose actions and continued perseverence began the entire process and whose continued support has been invaluable. Also, gratitude goes to the contributors of this book, as they have struggled with the editors' comments, critiques, demands, and deadlines and still wrote their chapters! We want to thank our secretaries, Camille Damiano (for N.B.L.) and Joyce Hammock (for K.5.) for their daily work on the manuscript, and Barbara Lazar, who indexed this volume. Finally, there is special gratitude for those too many to mention our fathers, sons, friends, lovers, wives, patients, colleagues, men and women who have supported and critiqued this work and who have contributed to and shared with the joys and pains of our growth as men. KEN l\;FTII SOI.OMON N()J{MAN B. LEVY Contents Introduction JOHN MONEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1 • Gender-Role Conflict and Strain in Men's Lives: Implications for Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Other Human-Service Providers JAMES M. O'NEIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Gender-Role Strain and Conflict in the 1970s: Effects on Men................. ............................. 6 Recent Literature on Men: Common Themes of Gender-Role Strain and Conflict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Gender- and Sex-Role Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Gender-Role Conflict and Strain Explained ..... . . . . . . . . . . 11 Gender-Role Socialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Subordination of Feminine Values: Outcomes of the Masculine Mystique and Value System. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 17 Fear of Femininity: The Cradle of Gender-Role Conflicts and Strain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Comment and Criticism on the Fear of Femininity. . . . . . . . . 23 Patterns of Gender-Role Conflict and Strain Identified. . . . . 23 Patterns of Gender-Role Conflict and Strain: A Critique. . . . 36 Implications of Gender-Role Conflict for Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Other Human-Service Providers ... 36 Some Final Thoughts and Personal Disclosures ...... . . . . . 38 Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Chapter 2 • The Masculine Gender Role: Description KENNETH SOLOMON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Historical Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ix x The Development of Gender Role ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Dimensions of the Masculine Role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 The Effects of the Masculine Role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Chllpter 3 • PsycllOllIlIllytic-Oeuclopllll'ntlll Thl'ory lind thl' Ol'Uc/opllll'nt of Mille Gender Identity: A R.l'uil'ZL' MARTIN R. Wut\:c............................................ 77 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Sigmund Freud. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Carl Gustav lung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Harry Stack Sullivan ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Margaret Mahler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Erik Erikson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Daniel Levinson and George Vaillant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 John Money and Robert Stoller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Recapitulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Acknowledgment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Chllpter 4 • Androgyny JACQUEUt\:I: Bou-:s At\:[) CHARLOTTE TATRO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Androgyny: An Old Idea in a New Dress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100 Gender-Identity Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101 Sex-Role Acquisition ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103 Cognitive Development Theory: The Mind as Message .... 109 Sex-Role Acquisition and the Possibility of Androgyny. . . .. 112 Measuring Androgyny ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Sugar and Spice and Puppy-Dog Tails: The Components of Masculinity and Femininity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117 High Masculinity: Agency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Androgyny: Boon or Bane? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 121 Alternative Futures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 124 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 126 Chllpter 5 • Mille Inl'xpressiuenl'ss: Psyclwlogicnl lind Social Aspects JACK O. BAlSWICK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 131 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 131 Evidence of Expressive Differences between Genders. . . . .. 135 Explanations of Male Inexpressiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 136 Consequences of Male Inexpressiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
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