men and gender equality in armenia

244 Pages·2017·1.53 MB·English

MEN AND GENDER EQUALITY
IN ARMENIA
REPORT
ON SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY FINDINGS

Yerevan 2016

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The Study was conducted within the framework of the UNFPA program in Armenia in 2015-
2016.
The opinions and conclusions expressed in the Report are those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent views of UNFPA.

REPORT ON FINDINGS OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY
MEN AND GENDER EQUALITY IN ARMENIA (2016)
---------------------------------------
© United Nations Population Fund
Armenia, 2016

UNFPA 14 P. Adamyan St., Yerevan, Armenia
Tel.: [phone]

Sampling and field work were done and the database was compiled and finalized by the Institute
for Political and Sociological Consulting (IPCS)

Analytical Report was prepared by:

Mr. Vladimir Osipov, PhD, gender expert
• Chapters: 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8
Ms. Jina Sargizova, gender expert
• Chapters: 4, 5 and 6

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Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 5 
FOREWORD............................................................................................................................................... 13 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 14 
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 27 
SURVEY METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 34 
CHAPTER 1. ATTITUDES TOWARD AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GENDER EQUALITY ...... 42 
Women’s Rights ...................................................................................................................................... 42 
Gender equality ....................................................................................................................................... 44 
Gender equality laws .............................................................................................................................. 47 
Women’s political participation & leadership potential ..................................................................... 49 
Quotas for women ................................................................................................................................... 51 
CHAPTER 2. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: PREVALENCE, EXPOSURE AND BEHAVIORS
 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 54 
Prevalence of violence against women .................................................................................................. 55 
Intimate Partner Violence: Perpetration of and Exposure to violence .............................................. 56 
Reporting physical violence: A comparative analysis .......................................................................... 73 
Sexual violence (men) ............................................................................................................................. 79 
Violence against women outside the home ............................................................................................ 86 
Violence against Men .............................................................................................................................. 90 
CHAPTER 3. ATTITUDES TOWARD VIOLENCE ............................................................................. 97 
Attitudes toward VAW phenomenon .................................................................................................... 98 
Attitudes towards intimate partner physical violence against women ............................................... 99 
Attitudes towards rape ......................................................................................................................... 124 
Violence against a gay person .............................................................................................................. 135 
CHAPTER 4. MAN IN THE FAMILY ................................................................................................. 144 
Decision making .................................................................................................................................... 144 
Men’s participation as fathers (parenting) ......................................................................................... 159 
Men’s participation in household tasks .............................................................................................. 170 
CHAPTER 5. SATISFACTION WITH MARRIAGE .......................................................................... 178 
CHAPTER 6. HEALTH PRACTICES .................................................................................................. 187 
CHAPTER 7. SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ............................................................... 196 
Sexual Activity ....................................................................................................................................... 196 
Contraception and safe sex................................................................................................................... 201 
Termination of pregnancy .................................................................................................................... 203 
CHAPTER 8. ATTITUDES TO SEXUALITY, SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND
RELATED ISSUES .................................................................................................................................. 207 
Sexuality and stereotypes ..................................................................................................................... 207 
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Dating, marriage and children ............................................................................................................. 216 
Attitudes toward contraception ........................................................................................................... 222 
Table 8. Attitudes toward contraception .............................................................................................. 222 
Termination of pregnancy .................................................................................................................... 231 
CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 240 
RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 244 

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LIST OF TABLES

SURVEY METHODOLOGY

Table 1. Sample distribution in the country’s regions and in Yerevan
Table 2. Problems and difficulties identified during fieldwork and
proposed solutions
Table 3. Results of Quality Check-Up
Table 4. Invalid questionnaires
Table 5. Demographic profile of the survey participants
CHAPTER 1. ATTITUDES TOWARD AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GENDER
EQUALITY
Table 2. Attitudes toward women’s rights
Percentage of respondents
Table 2. Attitudes toward women’s rights
Percentage of male and female respondents
Table 3. Attitudes toward gender equality
Percentage of respondents
Table 4. Attitudes toward gender equality
Percentage of male and female respondents
Table 5. Knowledge of whether there are national laws on gender
equality and on prevention of violence against women (VAW)
Percentage of respondents
Table 6. Knowledge of whether there are national laws on gender
equality and on VAW prevention
Percentage of male and female respondents
Table 7. Attitudes toward women’s political participation & leadership
potential
Percentage of respondents
Table 8. Attitudes toward political participation & leadership potential
Percentage of male and female respondents
Table 9. Attitudes toward quotas for women
Percentage of respondents who are for or against quota system
that guarantees a fixed proportion of places for women

Table 10. Attitudes toward quotas for women
Percentage of male and female respondents who are for or
against quota system that guarantees a fixed proportion of places
for women
CHAPTER 2. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: PREVALENCE, EXPOSURE AND
BEHAVIORS
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Table 1. Perpetration of and exposure to psychological & physical
violence against and economic abuse of women by their intimate
male partners (Lifetime prevalence)
Table 2. Perpetration of psychological & physical violence against and
economic abuse of intimate female partners: Men (Lifetime
prevalence)
Table 3. Exposure to psychological and physical violence and economic
abuse by intimate male partner: Women (Lifetime Prevalence)
Table 4. Women’s exposure to physical violence by intimate male partner
Comparing data obtained from the respondents’ answers to
interviewer’s questions and to the same questions from a self-
administered questionnaire
Table 5. Exposure to physical violence by intimate male partner:
Women (Lifetime Prevalence)
As reported through self-administered questionnaire
Table 6. The number of male respondents who answered (via a self-
administered questionnaire) the questions about perpetration of
sexual violence and the percentage of them reporting having
ever committed once or more than one time the following acts of
sexual violence to an intimate female partner or to another
woman/girl
Table 7. Perpetration of sexual violence against women: Men
(Lifetime prevalence)
Table 8. Sexual violence committed by male respondents in the last 12
months
Table 9. Exposure to physical violence outside the home: Women (Period
Prevalence)
As reported from self-administered questionnaire
Table 10. Exposure to physical violence outside the home:
Women (Period Prevalence).
As reported from self-administered questionnaire
Table 11. Men’s exposure to physical violence
Table 12. Men’s exposure to physical violence (Lifetime prevalence)
Table 13. Percentage of abusive and non-abusive male respondents who
were subjected to some types of physical violence
Table 14. Percentage of men who had or had not been exposed to a given
type of physical violence and who subjected their female
intimate partner to physical violence
CHAPTER 3. ATTITUDES TOWARD VIOLENCE

Table 1. Percentage of respondents
Table 2. Percentage of male and female respondents
Table 3. Attitudes toward physical intimate partner violence: Men
Table 4. Attitudes toward physical intimate partner violence: Women
Table 5. Attitudes toward physical intimate partner violence
Table 6. Attitudes toward physical intimate partner violence
Table 7. Attitudes toward physical intimate partner violence
Table 8. Attitudes toward physical intimate partner violence
Table 9. Attitudes toward physical intimate partner violence
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Table 10. Attitudes toward physical intimate partner violence:
Table 11. Attitudes of various groups of male respondents toward intimate
partner physical violence
Table 12. Perpetration of physical violence against intimate female partner
by men who have or do not have permissive attitudes to IPV
Table 13. Percentage of respondents who agree with the following
statements that tend to blame women for rape
Table 14. Percentage of male and female respondents who agree with the
following statements
Table 15. Attitudes toward rape: Men
Table 16. Attitudes toward rape: Women
Table 17. Attitudes toward rape: Entire sample
Table 18. Perpetration of rape by men who DO or DO NOT have
permissive attitudes to rape
Table 19. Attitudes toward violence against a gay person.
Percentage of male respondents
Table 20. Attitudes toward violence against a gay person
Percentage of male respondents, by background characteristics
Table 21. Attitudes toward physical intimate partner violence: Men
Table 22. Attitudes toward physical intimate partner violence: Women
Table 23. Attitudes toward rape
Percent distribution of male and female respondents, by age
Table 24. Attitudes toward rape
Percent distribution of male and female respondents, by
education
Table 25. Attitudes toward rape
Percent distribution of male and female respondents, by marital
status
Table 26. Attitudes toward rape
Percent distribution of male and female respondents, by place of
residence
Table 27. Attitudes toward rape
Percent distribution of male and female respondents, by
employment status
CHAPTER 4. MAN IN THE FAMILY

Table 1. Decision making
Percentage of respondents answering questions about decision
making on expenditures
Table 2. Decision making
Percentage of male and female respondents answering questions
about decision making on expenditures
Table 3. Decision making
Percentage of respondents answering questions about decision
making on expenditures, by background characteristics
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Table 4. Decision making
Percentage of respondents answering questions about decision
making on large investments, by background characteristics
Table 5. Time spent
Percentage of respondents answering questions about time spent,
by background characteristics
Table 6. Work outside the home
Percentage of respondents answering the questions about work
outside the home, by background characteristics
Table 7. Use of contraception
Percentage of respondents answering questions about use of
contraception, by background characteristics
Table 8. Free time
Percentage of respondents answering questions about free time,
by background characteristics
Table 9. Decision making (who else)
Percentage of respondents answering questions about decision
making (who else)
Table 10. Decision making in parents’ family
Percentage of respondents answering questions about decision
making in their parents’ family
Table 11. Decision making in parents’ family
Percentage of male and female respondents answering questions
about decision making in their parents’ family
Table 12. Decision making in parents’ family
Percentage of respondents answering questions about decision
making on purchasing in their parents’ family
Table 13. Decision making
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about decision making in having or adopting a child
Table 14. Caring attitude
Percentage of respondents answering the question about
antenatal visits of their partners
Table 15. Caring attitude
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about men’s attitude to partner
Table 16. Caring attitude
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about men’s attitude to partner during the birth of the
last child
Table 17. Men as parents
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Percentage of male respondents answering questions about
parenting
Table 18. Men as parents
Percentage of male respondents choosing the “strongly agree”
option, by level of education
Table 19. Men as parents
Percentage of respondents answering questions about
distribution of parenting tasks
Table 20. Parenting
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about distribution of parenting tasks
Table 21. Parenting
Percentage of respondents answering the question about
frequency of performing parenting tasks
Table 22. Parenting
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about frequency of performing parenting tasks
Table 23. Division of household duties
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about division of HH duties
Table 24. Division of household duties
Percentage of respondents answering the question about division
of HH duties
Table 25. Attitude to division of household duties
Percentage of respondents answering the question about division
of HH duties
Table 26. Attitude to division of household duties
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about satisfaction with division of HH duties
CHAPTER 5. SATISFACTION WITH MARRIAGE
Table 1. Relationship
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about their relationships
Table 2. Division of tasks
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about satisfaction with division of tasks overall
Table 3. Relationship
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about their relationships
Table 4. Controlling Behavior
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Percentage of male respondents answering the question about
controlling behavior towards their current or most recent wife or
partner
Table 5. Relationship
Percentage of respondents answering the question about their
relationships, by background characteristics
CHAPTER 6. HEALTH PRACTICES

Table 1. Health
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about their health
Table 2. Usage of healthcare services
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about usage of healthcare services
Table 3. Alcohol consumption
Percentage of male and female respondents answering the
question about alcohol consumption
Table 4. Alcohol consumption
Percentage of male respondents answering the question about
alcohol consumption
Table 5. Consequences of alcohol consumption
Percentage of male respondents answering the question about
consequences of alcohol consumption
Table 6. Mood
Percentage of male respondents answering the question about
their mood
CHAPTER 7. SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Table 1. Partner in the latest sex encounter
Percentage of male and female respondents who gave the
following answers to the question (in self-administered
questionnaires) who their latest sexual encounter was with
Table 2. Number of partners the respondents had in the past 12 months
(According to responses to a question in a self-administered
questionnaire)
Percentage of male and female respondents who had a certain
number of partners in the past 12 months (in self-administered
questionnaires) who their latest sexual encounter was with
Table 3. Number of spouses/cohabitants the respondents ever had
(According to responses to a question in self-administered
questionnaire)
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