Membrane Technology and Engineering for Water Purification : Application, Systems Design and Operation

450 Pages·2014·6.159 MB·English

by  Rajindar Singh

MEMBRANE
TECHNOLOGY AND
ENGINEERING FOR
WATER PURIFICATION
This page intentionally left blank
MEMBRANE
TECHNOLOGY AND
ENGINEERING FOR
WATER PURIFICATION
Application, Systems Design
and Operation
SECOND EDITION
RAJINDAR SINGH
Membrane Ventures,LLC
Colorado Springs,CO, USA
AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON
NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD (cid:129) PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK
225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA
Firstedition2006
Secondedition2015
Copyright©2015ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further
informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch
astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatment
maybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating
andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch
informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including
partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume
anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas
containedinthematerialherein.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN:978-0-444-63362-0
ForinformationonallButterworth-Heinemannpublications
visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/
“Water is the source of life, sap for all things.”
— Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539)
“Air is our guru, water our father,
And the great earth our mother....”
— Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539)
To the memory of my parents,
S. Niranjan Singh and Kuldip Kaur
CONTENTS
Prefacetwo ix
Acknowledgementsforthesecondedition xi
1. Introduction toMembrane Technology 1
1.1 Technologyoverview 1
1.2 Historicaldevelopment 3
1.3 Membrane-separationcharacteristics 8
1.4 Membraneprocesses 28
1.5 Membranemodules 63
1.6 Membranefouling 70
1.7 Concludingremarks 77
References 78
2. WaterandMembrane Treatment 81
2.1 Pricelesswater 81
2.2 Watertreatment 84
2.3 Membranefouling,scaling,andcontrols 121
2.4 Membranesystemsdesign 137
2.5 Membranecleaningandsanitisation 165
2.6 Concludingremarks 175
References 176
3. HybridMembraneSystems– Applications and Case Studies 179
3.1 Novelapplications 180
3.2 Waterdesalination 213
3.3 High-puritywaterproduction 243
3.4 Waterreclamationandrecycling 254
3.5 MBRsewageandwastewatertreatment 273
References 277
4. HybridMembranePlant Design andOperation 283
4.1 ROmembraneplantdescription 286
4.2 Plantdesignandcontrols 293
4.3 Systemoperation 297
4.4 Systemdiagnosisandmaintenance 318
4.5 ROplantequipment 326
4.6 Membrane-filtrationsystem 332
vii
viii Contents
4.7 Summary 337
References 337
5. Design, Energy, and Cost Analyses ofMembrane Processes 339
5.1 Membranesystemperformancecorrelations 340
5.2 Energyandcostsurveyofmembraneprocesses 342
References 366
6. Appendix:Engineering Data and Notes 369
6.1 Glossary/terminology 369
6.2 Membranepolymerperformance 380
6.3 ChlorinationofPAmembranes 382
6.4 Fluidflowinmicroporousmembranes 384
6.5 CPandmasstransfercoefficient 386
6.6 Surfactantmicellessizecorrelation 387
6.7 Deioniserdesign 389
6.8 Processcontrols 392
6.9 Centrifugalpumps 394
6.10 Controlvalves 397
6.11 Materialsproperties 401
6.12 Processvalidation 403
6.13 RO/NFfeedwateranalysis 404
6.14 Chemistryoffeedwatertreatmentinmembraneplants 406
6.15 Wastewatertreatment 411
6.16 Conversionfactors 412
6.17 Physicalandchemicaldata 415
6.18 Membranedata 421
References 424
Index 427
PREFACE TWO
“Overcomingthecrisisinwaterandsanitationisoneofthegreatesthumandevelopment
challenges of the early 21st century,” according to a recent U.N. report. About one in
everysixpeopletodaydonothavesufficientaccesstocleandrinkingwater.Morethan
1.2billionpeopleliveinareasofwaterscarcity;riversaredryingup,groundwaterlevels
aredeclining rapidly, freshwaterfisheries are being damaged, and salinisation and water
pollutionareincreasing(1).Asaresult,2.2milliondeathsperyeararerelatedtowater/
hygieneandpublichealth;manyofthesearechildren.Suchproblemsareforecasttogrow
worse,withmorethanhalftheworld’spopulationfacingchronictocriticalwatershort-
ages by 2050, limiting economic development and food supplies. Ensuring adequate
water supplies, therefore, poses a major engineering challenge. Further, climate change
meanspreviouslylesswater-stressedregionsrelyincreasinglyonbrackishgroundwateror
seawater as the main source of water; alternatively, they must recycle and reuse waste-
water. Global warming and rising oil prices imply increasing energy supply problems.
This, in turn, implies further increases in the cost of water generally, and desalinated
waterinparticular.Membrane-separationtechnologycandramaticallyimprovethesus-
tainabilityofourwaterresources.Itisenergyefficientwithminimalornochemicalcon-
sumption,andcapableofwaterrecyclingandreusethatminimisesthedirectdisposalof
wastewater to the aquatic environment.
The deployment of membrane technology in the water sector, especially since the
first edition of the book was published in December 2005, is continuing to grow at a
rapid rate. Overall, the market for membranes and membrane systems grew from $4.4
billion in 2000 to more $10 billion in 2010, and the sales of membrane equipment for
water treatment may exceed $10.4 billion in 2014. In light of these developments, the
first edition needed to be updated and revised. Although the major focus of the book
is water treatment, membrane applications in other liquid processing areas, introduced
in the first edition, are retained to familiarise the reader with the scope and extent of
membrane technology. A chapter on membrane systems design, energy consumption,
and costs is added to integrate membrane technology with systems engineering. The
book title was revised at the recommendation of the reviewers.
The success of modern membrane science and technology was made possible by
S. Sourirajan and S. Loeb in 1960, followed by enormous contributions by Sourirajan
andhisassociatesaswellasmanypioneersoverthenext40years,andtheworkcontinues
to improve. Many of these brilliant researches assembled at the first Gordon Research
Conference on Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration held at Colby-Sawyer College in
ix