Membrane Protein – Lipid Interactions: Physics and Chemistry in the Bilayer

126 Pages·2016·6.179 MB·English

by  Jordi H. Borrell, Òscar Domènech, Kevin M.W. Keough (auth.)

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Jordi H. Borrell
Òscar Domènech
Kevin M.W. Keough
Membrane
Protein—Lipid
Interactions:
Physics and
Chemistry in the
Bilayer
123
SpringerBriefs in Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10196
Jordi H. Borrell · Òscar Domènech
Kevin M.W. Keough
Membrane Protein—Lipid
Interactions: Physics and
Chemistry in the Bilayer
1 3
Jordi H. Borrell Kevin M.W. Keough
Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia Alberta Prion Research Institute
Universitat de Barcelona Alberta Innovates Bio Solutions
Barcelona Edmonton
Spain AB
Canada
Òscar Domènech
Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia and
Universitat de Barcelona
Barcelona Department of Biochemistry
Spain Memorial University of Newfoundland
St.John’s
NL
Canada
ISSN 2211-9353 ISSN 2211-9361 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISBN 978-3-319-30275-1 ISBN 978-3-319-30277-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-30277-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016933217
© The Author(s) 2016
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Foreword
This book is primarily intended for two kinds of audiences: students from biological
sciences who desire a quick entry into the area of lipid–protein membrane interac-
tions; and, students from physics or chemistry interested in the physical chemistry
underpinning lipid–membrane protein interactions. The book has been conceived as
an extension for these undergraduate students and as an introduction to the subject
for graduate students who want to enter into membrane research. The objective is
to provide a basic background in the physicochemical principles and experimental
approaches that are particularly relevant to membrane science. In the first two
chapters, we cover elementary topics on lipid and protein biophysical c hemistry,
self-segregated structures, and experimental methods currently used in membrane
research. Although several membrane proteins are mentioned, we chose l actose
permease from Escherichia coli to introduce most of our experimental examples
on lipid–protein structures. Chapters 3 and 4 review the most widespread ideas
that have emerged from experimental evidence on lipid–protein interactions.
Hydrophobic matching, in which integral membrane proteins induce lipids of the
bilayer to adjust hydrocarbon thickness to match the length of the hydrophobic sur-
face of the protein, and the curvature stress lead to the introduction of the so-called
surface flexible model for biomembranes. In chapter 4 we provide several examples
of correlations of physicochemical properties of lipids with membrane structure,
correct folding and function. For methods to assess lipid–protein interactions (DSC,
EPR, X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy), the reader is directed to specific
references listed at the end of the chapter. The relatively new technique of using
AFM-single-molecule force spectroscopy to investigate lipid protein interactions is
introduced in Chap. 4.
The purpose of this book is to provide students with an introduction to the
physical chemistry of lipid-protein interactions to enable them to extend their
studies in this field.
v
Acknowledgments
We wish to thankfully acknowledge the comments and suggestions of the f ollowing
people, who have reviewed the manuscript at various stages during its production:
Dr. Luis M. Loura, University of Coimbra; and Dr. M. Teresa Montero, Dr. Cristina
Minguillón, Dr. Antoni Morros, and Dr. Javier Luque, University of Barcelona:
Dr. Manuel Prieto, Centro de Química-Física Molecular, Lisboa for the develop-
ment of the FRET formalism reviewed in this book: Dr. Mikhail Bogdanov and
Dr. William Dowhan from the University of Texas; Dr. Pierre-Emmanuel Milhiet
from the Centre de Biologie Structurale de Montpellier; and, Dr. Daniel J. Müller
from the ETH of Zürich for figures and AFM images from their work. Thanks are
also due to our editor, Thijs van Vlijmen at Springer-Verlag, for the patience and the
encouraging comments.
Special thanks go to Dr. Lee D. Leserman, Centre de d’Immunologie de
Marseille, Luminy (France), for the privilege of working closely in his lab, long
time ago and to Dr. Ronald H. Kaback, University of California Los Angeles
(USA), for teaching the lessons learnt from lactose permease.
Barcelona (S)
Edmonton (CDN)
December 2015
vii
Contents
1 Molecular Membrane Biochemistry ............................ 1
1.1 Membrane Architecture ................................... 1
1.2 Chemistry and Physics of Membrane Lipids ................... 3
1.3 Membrane Proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Protein Structure ................................... 6
1.3.2 Membrane Protein Structure ......................... 13
1.3.3 Membrane Protein Insertion in Natural Membranes ....... 16
1.3.4 Hydrophobic Effect and Protein Folding ................ 18
1.4 Micro- and Nanostructure of Biomembranes ................... 24
References .................................................. 27
2 Physicochemical Properties of Lipids and Macromolecules
in Higher Level Organization .................................. 31
2.1 Lipid Monolayers at the Interface: Two Dimensional Structures .... 31
2.1.1 Phases at the Air Water Interface ...................... 32
2.1.2 Monolayer Compressibility .......................... 34
2.1.3 Mixing Properties of the Monolayers at the Interface ...... 35
2.2 Langmuir-Blodgett Films .................................. 36
2.3 Structures at the Air-Water Interface ......................... 37
2.3.1 Brewster Angle Microscopy .......................... 37
2.3.2 Atomic-Force Microscopy (AFM) ..................... 38
2.4 Protein- and Peptide-Lipid Interactions in Monolayers ........... 39
2.4.1 Interfacial Studies for Understanding Enzyme Activity ..... 40
2.4.2 Adsorption of Soluble Proteins to Lipid Monolayers ...... 41
2.4.3 Peptide Interaction with Monolayers ................... 42
2.4.4 The Membrane Associated Surfactant Proteins ........... 43
2.5 Structures of Lipids in Aqueous Environments ................. 45
2.5.1 Hydrophobic Effect and Lipid Self-aggregates ........... 47
2.5.2 Liposomes ....................................... 49
2.5.3 Supported Membrane Systems ........................ 49
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x Contents
2.5.4 Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) .................... 49
2.5.5 Bilayer Compressibility and Bilayer Surface Pressure ..... 51
2.6 The Lipid-Phase Transition: Some Experimental Approaches ..... 52
2.6.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Lipids ............. 52
2.6.2 Fluorescence Anisotropy ............................ 53
2.6.3 31P-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy .......... 56
2.6.4 AFM in Force Spectroscopy (FS) Mode ................ 58
References .................................................. 59
3 Lateral Distribution of Membrane Components and Transient
Lipid-Protein Structures ...................................... 63
3.1 Lateral Distribution in Reconstituted Systems .................. 63
3.2 Lipid Phase Separation and Phase Diagrams of Lipid Mixtures .... 65
3.3 Lateral Segregation of IMPs: Experimental Evidence ............ 70
3.4 Boundary, Non-boundary and Bulk Lipids .................... 76
3.5 Hydrophobic Match and Mistmach .......................... 81
3.6 Curvature Stress and the Fluid Surface Model .................. 84
3.7 Lipid Rafts ............................................. 85
References .................................................. 85
4 Dependence of Protein Membrane Mechanisms on Specific
Physicochemical Lipid Properties .............................. 89
4.1 Gibbs Energy and ATP Synthesis: The Lipid Coupling ........... 89
4.2 Protein Activity Related to Specific Phospholipids .............. 93
4.3 Dependence of Protein Activity on Lipid Packing,
Order Parameter and Temperature ........................... 98
4.4 Interactions of Lung Surfactant Through Lipid Monolayers ....... 102
4.5 The Lipid-Protein Interface ................................ 103
4.6 Thermodynamic Framework and Nanomechanics
of IMP Activity .......................................... 107
4.7 Identification of Lipids at the Membrane Lipid-Protein
Interface ............................................... 110
4.8 An Integrative Model for Lactose Permease ................... 113
4.9 A Word on Multidrug Resistance Mediated by Membranes ....... 114
References .................................................. 114
Acronyms
AFM Atomic Force Microscopy
ATR-FTIR Attenuated Total Internal Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy
BAM Brewster Angle Microscopy
BDH D-β-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase
Br Bacteriorhodopsin
CMC Critical Micellar Concentration
DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
EM Electron Microscopy
EPR Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
FCS Fluorescent Correlation Spectroscopy
FF-EM Freeze-Fracture Electron Microscopy
F-MMM Fluid Mosaic Membrane Model
FRET Förster Resonance Energy Transfer
GFP Green Fluorescence Protein
GUVs Giant Unilamellar Vesicles
IMPs Integral Membrane Proteins
LacY Lactose Permease of E. coli
LBs Langmuir–Blodgett Films
LPR Lipid-to-Protein Ratio
LUVs Large Unilamellar Vesicles
MIP Maximum Insertion Pressure
MLVs Multilamellar Vesicles
MPs Membrane Proteins
PLSs Phospholipases
31-P-NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 31 P
PMPs Peripheral Membrane Proteins
Rho Rhodopsin
SFM Surface Flexible Model
SLBs Supported Lipid Bilayers
STM Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
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