Membrane Processes in Industry and Biomedicine: Proceedings of a Symposium held at the 160th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, under the sponsorship of the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Chicago, Illinois, September 16

316 Pages·1971·10.145 MB·English

by  S. Roy Caplan (auth.), Milan Bier (eds.)

MEMBRANE PROCESSES IN
INDUSTRY AND BIOMEDICINE
MEMBRANE PROCESSES IN
INDUSTRY AND BIOMEDICINE
Proceedings of a Symposium held at the 160th National Meeting
of the American Chemical Society, under the sponsorship of the
Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Chicago, /IIinois,
September 16 and 17, 1970
EDITED BY MILAN BIER
Veterans Administration Hospital and
The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
~
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK-LONDON • 1971
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-149647
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1913-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1911-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1911-5
© 1971 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1971
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, New York 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, NW 10 6SE, England
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the publisher
PREFACE
The Symposium on Membrane Processes in Industry and Biomedicine
has been held under the sponsorship of the Division of Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry at the 160th National Meeting of the American
Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 16 and 17, 1970. Its pri
mary objective has been to spotlight some of the current directions of
research in this rapidly growing field. There is at present considerable
enthusiasm in membrane research, and the expectations are running high.
This is partially due to the fact that basic concepts on which membrane
processes are based are so deceptively simple. Moreover, all of us are
living proofs of their potential efficiency. Our lungs and kidneys, skin
and intestines are examples of membrane devices for gaseous and liquid
separations, exchanges, and concentration. Even on a molecular level,
life as we know is inconceivable without cell membranes and cell organs,
such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, which appear to function as mem
brane regulated mini-factories for some of the most important and com
plex chemical syntheses in our bodies.
Membrane processes are not new. Experiments on gases were
reported in 1831 by Mitchell. The origin of the whole field of colloid
science is based on membrane studies, as in 1860 Graham discovered
th2t some substances, for which he coined the name colloids, do not
diffuse through parchment membranes, while most substances, termed
crystalloids, readily do. Most enthusiastic worker in the field was prob
ably the imposing Graff von Schwerin, who patented a whole series of
processes in the 1910' sand 20' s, and established his Gesellschaft fur
Elektroosmose. No less ambitious were the aims of Pauli and Stamberger
in the 1920's and 30's, who perfected electrodecantation to the point where
Dunlop could operate huge membrane based latex creaming plants at some
of their rubber plantations in Malaya.
The current renewed interest in membrane processes is largely due
to advances in membrane synthesis, and reverse osmosis is the much
heralded promised land. Its applications, however, are largely yet to
vi PREFACE
be realized. The astonishing fact is that hemodialysis is probably the
most successful single membrane process of today. Hemodialysis is,
of course, the purification of blood through artificial kidneys. Over five
thousand people in the world owe their lives to regular biweekly or even
more frequent treatment with this membrane device. To anyone familiar
with the complexity of functions handled by a normal human kidney, it is
indeed amaZing that such a simple membrane as cellophane or cuprophane
could effectively substitute it. Not only by human value standards alone,
but also by purely economic conSiderations the artificial kidney field is
impressive as it has created a substantial new industry to serve the patients
needs.
The papers are reproduced in this book in the same order as presented
at the Symposium, which was divided into three sessions. The first session
has dealt with artificial kidneys and other biomedically oriented devices.
The second session was dedicated to reverse osmosis and heavy industry
problems. The third was of interest to the biochemically oriented scientist,
as it has dealt mainly with proteins and other biologicals.
The editor is much indebted to Mr. A. Fauver, Program Secretary, and
Mr. A. R. Rescorla, Chairman of the Program Committee of the Division
of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, for making the Symposium pos
sible. He also wishes to thank all the invited speakers for their cooperation,
and particularly Drs. D. J. Lyman and A. S. Michaels, who have chaired
two sessions. Finally, he acknowledges the editorial assistance of Mrs.
C. Ragsdale.
Milan Bier
Symposium Organizer
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
G. L. Ball III, Monsanto Research Corporation, Station B, Dayton,
Ohio
I. K. Bansal, The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton,
Wisconsin
G. L. Beemsterboer, Monsanto Research Corporation, Station B,
Dayton, Ohio
M. Bier, Veterans Administration Hospital and University of
Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
C. Calmon, Sybron Corporation, Cherry Hill, New Jersey
S. R. Caplan, Biophysical Laboratory, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts
D. P. Carosella, Jr., Gulf General Atomic, San Diego, California
R. P. deFilippi, Abcor, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
G. A. Dubey, The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin
H. Z. Friedlander, Union Carbide Research Institute, Tarrytown,
New York
R. L. Goldsmith, Abcor, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
A. H. Heit, Gamlen Chemical Company, San Francisco, California
S. Hossain, Abcor, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
N. Lakshminarayanaiah, Department of Pharmacology, University of
Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
F. B. Leitz, Ionics, Incorporated, Watertown, Massachusetts
N. N. Li, Esso Research and Engineering Company, Linden, New
Jersey
L. M. Litz, Union Carbide Research Institute, Tarrytown, New York
H. K. Lonsdale, present address: Pharmetrics, Palo Alto, California
D. J. Lyman, Division of Materials Science and Engineering and
Division of Artificial Organs, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah
C. R. Lyons, Gulf General Atomic, San Diego, California
W. F. Mathewson, General Electric Company, Medical Development
Operation, Schenectady, New York
W. A. McRae, Ionics, Incorporated, Watertown, Massachusetts
A. S. Michaels, present address: Pharmetrics, Palo Alto, California
L. Nelsen, Amicon Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts
M. C. Porter, Amicon Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts
viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
R. L. Riley, Gulf General Atomic, San Diego, California
D. M. Ryon, General Electric Company, Medical Development Operation,
Schenectady, New York
I. O. Salyer, Monsanto Research Corporation, Station B, Dayton,
Ohio
F. A. Siddiqi, Department of Pharmacology, University of
Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
R. S. Timmins, Abcor, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
A. J. Wiley, The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin
CONTENTS
Transport Phenomena in Natural and Synthetic Membranes • • • 1
S. R. Caplan
Partition Membranes for Aqueous Dialysis • • • • • • • • •• 23
D. J. Lyman
The Monsanto Polyacrylonitrile Hollow Fiber
Artificial Kidney 33
I. O. Salyer, G. L. Ball III, and
G. L. Beemsterboer
Membrane Requirements in the Pursuit of Blood
Oxygenator Optimization •• • • • • 59
W. F. Mathewson and D. M. Ryon
Membranes for Pressure Permeation • • • • • • • • • • • •• 73
Ho Z. Friedlander and L. M. Litz
Transport in Composite Reverse Osmosis Membranes • 101
H. K. Lonsdale, R. L. Riley, C. R. Lyons, and
D. P. Carosella, Jr.
Development of Design Factors for Reverse Osmosis
Concentration of Pulping Process Effluents 123
I. K. Bansal, G. A. Dubey, and A. J. Wiley
Electrodialytic Recovery of Sulfuric Acid and Iron
Content from Spent Pickling Liquor • • • 145
A. H. Heit and C. Calmon
Selection of Appropriate Resins for Piezodialysis 163
F. B. Leitz and W. A. McRae
Separation of Hydrocarbons by Liquid Membrane Permeation •• 175
N. N. Li
ix
x CONTENTS
Ultrafiltration • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 197
A. S. Michaels, L. Nelsen, and M. C. Porter
Electrokinetic Membrane Processes 233
M. Bier
Industrial Ultrafiltration •••••••••••• 267
R. L. Goldsmith, R. P. deFilippi, S. Hossain,
and R. S. Timmins
Some Asymmetry Properties of Composite Membranes 301
N. Lakshminarayanaiah and F. A. Siddiqi
Index 311
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC MEMBRANES
S. Roy Caplan
Biophysical Laboratory, Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Although the differences between natural and synthetic mem
branes are as yet far more numerous than their similarities, the
relationship of structure to function in certain instances is
strikingly parallel. In principle there seems no reason why some
of the specific functions of natural membranes should not eventu
ally be emulated to great advantage on an engineering scale, and
indeed there are encouraging indications that the initial steps
have been taken in this direction. The most important general
property of natural membranes is that they function as "active"
elements (to use electrical network terminology). The transport
of a given species is frequently driven by an input of metabolic
energy, and in many cases the flow may be non-conservative--i.e.,
reaction and diffusion occur simultaneously within the membrane.
In contrast, most synthetic membranes function as tlpassive" ele
ments (this is true of the numerous types which have been used in
purely physico-chemical studies, as well as those developed for
specific purposes such as desalination, separations technology, or
biomedical engineering). The permeability characteristics of these
membranes are the only parameters of significance; no coupling to
chemical reaction occurs and transport across them is always con
servative. With one or two notable exceptions, moreover, they do
not approach the extraordinary selectivity of natural membranes.
From several points of view the most exciting advance in the
modelling of natural membranes has been the development of the
synthetic lipid bilayer membrane (1). Lipid membranes are uni-