Membrane Fluidity in Biology. Cellular Aspects

304 Pages·1985·4.697 MB·English

by  Roland C. Aloia and Joan M. Boggs (Eds.)

Membrane Fluidity
in Biology
Volume 4
Cellular Aspects
EDITED BY
ROLAND C. ALOIA
Departments of Anesthesiology and Biocheynistry
Loma Linda University School of Medicine
and
Anesthesia Service
Pettis Memorial Veterans Hospital
Loma Linda, California
JOAN M. BOGGS
Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
1985
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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COPYRIGHT © 1985 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
(Revised for vol. 4)
Main entry under title:
Membrane fluidity in biology.
Vol. 4 edited by Roland C. Aloia, Joan M. Boggs.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Concepts of membrane
structure— — v. 4. Cellular aspects.
1. Membranes (Biology)—Collected works.
2. Membranes (Biology)—Mechanical properties —Collected
works I. Aloia, Roland C. II. Boggs, Joan M.
QH601.M4664 1985 574.87'5 82-11535
ISBN 0-12-053004-X (v. 4 : alk. paper)
ISBN 0-12-000012-1 (paperback)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
85 86 87 88 9876 5 4321
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Christine B. Couch (259), Program in Neuroscience, Baylor College of Med-
icine, Houston, Texas 77030
Larry M. Gordon (1), Rees-Stealy Research Foundation, San Diego, Cal-
ifornia 92101, and California Metabolic Research Foundation, La Jolla,
California 92037
1
Cecilia Hidalgo (51), Department of Muscle Research, Boston Biomedical
Research Institute, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts
Fusao Hirata (247), Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205
Ronald N. McElhaney (147), Department of Biochemistry, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
Patrick W. Mobley (1), Department of Chemistry, California State Poly-
technic University, Pomona, Pomona, California 91768, and California
Metabolic Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037
M. A. Moscarello (209), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
Dorothy I. Mundy (259), Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
2
M. R. Pdquet (209), Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
Florence Trentacosti Presti (97), Department of Biology, University of
Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
Warren /. Strittmatter (259), Program in Neuroscience and Departments of
Neurology and Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston,
Texas 77030
1
Present address: Departamento de Fisiologia y Biofisica, Facultad de Medicina, Univer-
sidad de Chile, and Centro de Estudios Cientificos de Santiago, Santiago 9, Chile.
2
Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305
ix
Preface
This volume of Membrane Fluidity in Biology encompasses the cellular as-
pects of membrane fluidity. The seven chapters are written by experts in
their respective fields of research and are lucidly presented. The subjects
discussed include the influence of membrane fluidity on enzyme activity,
the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle, the role of
cholesterol in membrane function, phospholipid methylation, glycosyltrans-
ferases, and membrane fusion. These subjects should be of interest to scien-
tists from many disciplines who are engaged in research covering the effects
of membrane lipids and fluidity in cellular function, as well as those whose
interest is piqued by this area of scientific inquiry but who are not actively
engaged in such research. The discussions in each chapter are detailed and
elaborate and should stimulate the reader to further reading and generate
new ideas for future research.
Volume 1 of this treatise, subtitled Concepts of Membrane Structure,
focuses on new ideas and interpretations of membrane architecture that
challenge the reader to evaluate critically existing membrane models. Vol-
ume 2, subtitled General Principles, presents the physical tenets on which
the theory of membrane fluidity is based. The chapters in this volume pro-
vide an in-depth, yet clearly elucidated treatment of those factors that influ-
ence and modulate the expression of membrane fluidity in cell membranes.
Volume 3, subtitled Disease Processes, relates the general principles dis-
cussed in Volume 2 to the expression of pathological states. It provides a
unique interpretation and understanding of malignant lymphoid cells, respi-
ratory distress syndrome, diabetes and receptor function, alcohol-mem-
brane interactions, atherosclerosis, and muscular degenerative disorders.
The present volume extends the principles elaborated in Volume 2 to en-
compass the realm of normal cellular function, and to provide an insightful
interpretation of the mechanisms involved in the modulation of cellular
function by membrane lipids.
All four volumes should provide a unique interpretation of membrane and
cellular activity. This interpretation is achieved by analyzing membrane
function from the perspective of the role of membrane lipids and membrane
fluidity. We thus feel that this treatise will be essential reading for cell and
xi
xii Preface
molecular biologists and clinical-medical scientists. We hope that these
volumes will enhance our understanding of the elusive mechanisms of mem-
brane and cellular activity.
Roland C. Aloia
Joan M. Boggs
1985
Contents of Other Volumes
Volume 1
Nonrandom Lateral Organization in Bilayers and Biomembranes
Mahendra Kumar Jain
Structural Properties of Lipids and Their Functional Roles
in Biological Membranes
P. R. Cullis, B. de Kruijff, M. J. Hope, A. J. Verkleij, R. Nayar,
S. B. Farren, C. Tilcock, T. D. Madden, and M. B. Bally
Diversity in the Observed Structure of Cellular Membranes
Fritiof S. Sjostrand
Correlation of Membrane Models with Transmission Electron
Microscopic Images
Ronald B. Luftig and Paul N. McMillan
Negative Images and the Interpretation of Membrane Structure
K. A. Piatt-Aloia and W. W. Thomson
Interactions of Cytochrome P-450 with Phospholipids and Proteins in
the Endoplasmic Reticulum
James R. Trudell and Bernhard Bosterling
Membrane Composition, Structure, and Function
George Rouser
Mechanoelastic Properties of Biological Membranes
J. D. Brailsford
Index
xiii
xiv Contents of Other Volumes
Volume 2
Definitions, Explanations, and an Overview of Membrane Fluidity
William E. M. Lands and Frank S. Davis
Biomembrane Fluidity: The Concept and Its Development
Dennis Chapman
Lipid Phase Transitions and Mixtures
Anthony G. Lee
The Hydrophobic and Electrostatic Effects of Proteins on
Lipid Fluidity and Organization
Joan M. Boggs
Lateral Phase Separations and the Cell Membrane
Chris W. M. Grant
Phospholipid Transfer Proteins and Membrane Fluidity
George M. Helmkamp, Jr.
lonotropic Effects on Phospholipid Membranes: Calcium/Magnesium
Specificity in Binding, Fluidity, and Fusion
Nejat Duzgunes and Demetrios Papahadjopoulos
The Effect of the Proton and of Monovalent Cations
on Membrane Fluidity
Hansjorg Eibl
Membrane Fluidity and Cytoplasmic Viscosity
Alec D. Keith and Andrea M. Mastro
Index
Contents of Other Volumes xv
Volume 3
Effects of Alcohols on Membrane Fluidity and Lipid Composition
Jane H. Chin and Dora B. Goldstein
Lipid Fluidity and Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Kevin M. W. Keough
Membrane Fluidity in Normal and Malignant Lymphoid Cells
Wim /. van Blitterswijk
The Relationship of Membrane Fluidity
to Degenerative Muscular Diseases
D. Allan Butterfield
Membrane Fluidity and Membrane Receptor Function
Robert J. Gould and Barry H. Ginsberg
Membrane Perturbations in Atherosclerosis
Ross P. Holmes and Fred A. Kummerow
Index
Chapter
Membrane Lipids, Membrane Fluidity,
and Enzyme Activity
13 23
Larry M. Gordon' and Patrick W. Mobley'
1
Rees-Stealy Research Foundation
San Diego, California
2
Department of Chemistry
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Pomona, California
^California Metabolic Research Foundation
La Jolla, California
I. Introduction 1
II. Models of Membrane Structure 2
A. The Fluid Mosaic Model 2
B. Evidence Supporting the Fluid Mosaic Model 3
C. Experimental Evidence Against the Fluid Mosaic Model 10
D. The Plate Model of Membrane Structure 18
E. Definition of the Membrane Fluidity Sensed
by Extrinsic Probes 18
III. Membrane Lipids, Membrane Fluidity, and Enzyme Activity . . . 18
A. Regulation of Membrane Enzyme Activity by Annular
or Boundary Lipid 19
B. Relationship between Enzyme Activity and Membrane Fluidity
Detected with Extrinsic Probes 24
C. Effects of Thermotropic Lipid Phase Separations
and Lipid Domains on Enzyme Activities and Membrane-
Associated Processes 31
IV. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 41
Addendum 42
References 47
I. Introduction
Considerable attention has been focused recently on the relationships that
may exist between membrane-associated enzyme activities and the physical
Membrane Fluidity in Biology, Vol. 4 1 Copyright © 1985 by Academic Press, Inc.
Cellular Aspects All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
2 Larry M. Gordon and Patrick W. Mobley
state and composition of constituent lipids. One successful experimental
approach has been first to extract tightly bound integral enzymes from mem-
branes with amphipathic detergents and then to introduce these proteins
into defined lipids. Thus, enzyme properties may be studied in the native
membrane, solubilized, and lipid-reconstituted states. One difficulty, how-
ever, with this procedure is that the membrane must be destroyed to obtain
the detergent-solubilized enzyme, and such first-order perturbations may
profoundly alter protein characteristics. A second, less invasive protocol is to
assess enzyme functioning in the native membrane and then to determine
the effects of agents that modulate the physical state or composition of
endogenous lipids. Using perturbants that exert only second-order actions
may allow us to appreciate more fully the nature of the membrane-bound
enzyme in its native state.
For the most part in this chapter, we employ the latter procedure to
investigate potential connections between eukaryotic surface membrane en-
zymes and lipid composition and fluidity. As will be seen, membrane fluidity
is principally defined in terms of the mobility of incorporated reporter
groups such as spin or fluorescent probes. Following the dictum that the
study of structure must precede that of function, we first consider relevant
models of biomembrane structure. Next, we examine various mechanisms
by which fluidity and membrane lipids may influence penetrant enzyme
activities.
II. Models of Membrane Structure
A. THE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
The most widely accepted view of biomembranes is that they exist as a
"fluid mosaic" at physiologic temperatures (Singer and Nicolson, 1972). Ac-
cording to this model, proteins are noncovalently associated with the lipid
bilayer that forms the matrix of the membrane. Such proteins may be divid-
ed into two classes: (1) integral (or intrinsic) proteins firmly embedded in the
bilayer and (2) peripheral proteins associated with the membrane primarily
through electrostatic interactions. Each copy of an integral protein exhibits
an absolute asymmetry that is established during biosynthesis, and the re-
moval of these proteins from the bilayer requires the use of detergents.
Peripheral proteins, however, can be liberated by merely adding chelating
agents or by increasing the pH or ionic strength (Houslay and Stanley, 1982).
Singer and Nicolson (1972) viewed the lipids and proteins as being, in gener-
al, randomly distributed in the bilayer plane and without long-range order.