Melatonin in the Promotion of Health, 2nd Edition

572 Pages·2011·10.586 MB·English

by  Ronald Ross Watson

Melatonin in the
Promotion of Health
Second Edition
Edited by Ronald Ross Watson
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................ix
Editor................................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors...................................................................................................................................xiii
Section i overviews of Key Melatonin Modified conditions
Chapter 1 MelatoninTimeLine:From DiscoverytoTherapy.....................................................1
Indrajit Chowdhury and Saumen Kumar Maitra
Chapter 2 MelatoninandCircadianRhythms:AnOverview....................................................61
G. C. Verster
Chapter 3 SynthesisandMetabolismofMelatoninintheSkinandRetinalPigment
Epithelium..................................................................................................................69
Radomir Slominski and Andrzej T. Slominski
Section ii Prevention of Disease by Melatonin
Chapter 4 MelatonininPreventionofMutagenesis,Oxidation,andOtherDamageto
Cells............................................................................................................................81
Theodore Lialiaris
Chapter 5 CardiovascularProtectionbyMelatonin....................................................................89
Rita Rezzani
Chapter 6 MelatoninEffectonReproduction...........................................................................115
Maria P. Tsantarliotou and Ioannis A. Taitzoglou
Chapter 7 MelatoninandthePreventionofUltravioletSolarSkinDamage............................131
Tobias W. Fischer
Chapter 8 MelatoninandType2Diabetes................................................................................147
Andreas Gunter Bach and Elmar Peschke
iii
iv Contents
Chapter 9 Melatonin,Sleep,andImmuneModulation:Role inHealthandDisease...............167
Daniel P. Cardinali
Chapter 10 MelatoninasaTreatmentforUveitis.......................................................................187
Ruth E. Rosenstein, Pablo H. Sande, Diego C. Fernandez, Mónica Chianelli,
and Daniel A. Sáenz
Chapter 11 RoleofMelatonininRegulatingGutMotility.........................................................205
Jennie Wong and Khek-Yu Ho
Chapter 12 MelatoninandFoodSafety:InvestigatingaPossibleRoleintheSeasonalityof
theBacterialPathogenEscherichia coliO157:H7inCattle ...................................211
Tom S. Edrington and David J. Nisbet
Chapter 13 MelatonininDentistry.............................................................................................219
Luigi F. Rodella, Mauro Labanca, and Eleonora Foglio
Section iii treatment of Disease and Physiological
Disorders with Melatonin
Chapter 14 MelatoninasaPotentialTreatmentofGastrointestinalDiseases............................241
George A. Bubenik
Chapter 15 TheUsesofMelatonininAnesthesiaandSurgery..................................................251
Hany A. Mowafi and Salah A. Ismail
Chapter 16 MelatonininBoneHealth........................................................................................261
Paula A. Witt-Enderby, William P. Clafshenkel, Mary P. Kotlarczyk, and
Shalini Sethi
Chapter 17 PreventionandTreatmentofBreastCancerUsingMelatonin.................................271
Vicki L. Davis, Balasunder R. Dodda, and Paula A. Witt-Enderby
Chapter 18 MolecularandEpigeneticEffectsofMelatonininBreastCancer...........................287
Sara Proietti, Alessandra Cucina, Simona Dinicola, Alessia Pasqualato,
Fabrizio D’Anselmi, and Mariano Bizzarri
Chapter 19 MelatonininMentalDisorders:TreatmentandPrevention.....................................311
Maria D. Maldonado and Maria A. Pérez-San-Gregorio
Contents v
Chapter 20 MelatonininControlofGastricSecretionandPreventionofGastricMucosal
Lesions......................................................................................................................327
Peter C. Konturek, Iwona Brzozowska, Krzysztof Celinski, Stanislaw J.
Konturek, and Tomasz Brzozowski
Chapter 21 MelatoninfortheControlofReproductioninSmallRuminants.............................339
Luis Ángel Zarazaga, José Luis Guzmán, and Benoît Malpaux
Chapter 22 MelatonininthePancreaticProtectionandModulationofPancreaticExocrine
Secretion...................................................................................................................351
Jolanta Jaworek
Section iV Regulation of Sleep and circadian Rhythms
by Melatonin
Chapter 23 LifeEnvironmentandSleep:MelatoninProductionAffectedbyLightand
AmbientTemperatureinHumans............................................................................365
Masayuki Kondo and Tomoko Wakamura
Chapter 24 DecreasedLightTransmittanceBecauseofAgingandMelatonin.........................375
Takeshi Morita
Chapter 25 MelatoninandTreatmentofDisordersRelatedtoJetLagandShiftWork.............379
Gregory M. Brown, Seithikurippu R. Pandi- Perumal, Ilya Trakht, D. Warren
Spence, Daniel P. Cardinali, and Alexander Samel
Section V Mechanisms of Action in Humans of Melatonin
Chapter 26 MelatoninandItsBy-ProductsonAge-RelatedMacularDegeneration..................405
Dan-Ning Hu, Joan E. Roberts, and Richard B. Rosen
Chapter 27 MelatoninandMelanoma..........................................................................................421
Dan-Ning Hu, Joan E. Roberts, and Allan F. Wiechmann
Chapter 28 MelatoninandInflammation—TheRoleoftheImmune–PinealAxisandthe
SympatheticTonus...................................................................................................435
Pedro A. Fernandes and Regina P. Markus
vi Contents
Chapter 29 NeuroendocrinologicalEffectsofAntidepressants:Is ThereaRolefor
Melatonin?................................................................................................................451
Marco Antonioli, Joanna Rybka, and Livia A. Carvalho
Chapter 30 RoleofMelatonininCollagenSynthesis.................................................................471
John E. Tidwell and Ming Pei
Chapter 31 MelatoninandDNAProtection................................................................................479
Luis Sarabia, Carlos Ponce, María José Munuce, and Héctor Rodríguez
Chapter 32 MelatoninModulationofVascularStructureandFunction....................................489
Mustafa Yildiz
Chapter 33 MelatoninandSleepDisturbancesinPatientswithEnd-StageRenalDisease.......495
Birgit C. P. Koch, Marije Russcher, and J. Elsbeth Nagtegaal
Chapter 34 MelatoninandTraumaticStress...............................................................................509
Petr Bob
Chapter 35 MeasurementofMelatonininOtherBodyFluids...................................................517
Soyhan Bağcı
Chapter 36 CellStudieswithMelatoninExposedtoUVLightandIonizingRadiation...........531
Ilona Iz˙ykowska, Marek Cegielski, and Piotr Dzie˛giel
Chapter 37 MelatoninandOxidation...........................................................................................541
V. Haktan Ozacmak
Preface
Melatonin is a small molecule, a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan, N-acetyl-5 methoxy-
tryptamine. It is a potent hormone with well-recognized activities and the potential to influence
many bodily functions. It is produced by the pineal gland in the brain and is secreted when the
body recognizes darkness. Melatonin has intense effects on the timing of the sleep/awake cycle,
regulatingthecircadianrhythmsofseveralbiologicalfunctions.Thisisitsmoststudiedbiological
activity.Melatonin,asamultifunctionalhormone,appearstoregulateormodulateotherfunctions
in humans through the activation of its receptors and works as a strong antioxidant that protects
the DNA. Melatonin’s antioxidant activity may reduce Parkinson’s disease development, prevent
cardiacarrhythmia,and,inanimals,promotelongevity.Studiesonhumandiseasepreventionand
treatmentaremorelimitedandwillbeamajorareaofreviewinthisbook.Aginginvolvesmany
changes in our physiology, and only a few are understood. It has been recognized that melatonin
levelsdeclinewithageandmayplayaroleinmanyage-relatedchanges.Melatonin isapowerful
antioxidant with numerous effects on the metabolism and health of older people. Melatonin has
been available as a dietary supplement in the United States since 1993 as well as in Canada and
someEuropeancountries.Inmoderatedoses,melatoninhasroutinelybeenfoundtobesafe,with
very low toxicity in animals and humans. There is evidence that melatonin supplementation or
levelinhumanaffectheadaches,fertility,attentiondeficit–hyperactivitydisorder,mooddisorders,
cancer,gallstones,circadianrhythmdisorders(sleep).Theyhelppreventischemicdamage,autism,
immuneregulation,dreaming,oxidantremoval,aswellasrecentbutmorelimitedevidenceofroles
inotherhumanhealthconditions.Theeditorselectedresearcherswithexperienceinstudyingthe
roleofmelatonininvariousdiseaseandphysiologicalstatesprimarilyinhumans.Thus,thisbook
hasawidevarietyofexpertreviewsonthebiologyofmelatoninrelevanttohealthinhumans.The
editor,Dr.Watson,hasdoneresearchwithmelatoninasamodulatorofimmunefunctionandregu-
latorofAIDSinmice.
SectionIreviewskeyareasofmelatonin,includingahistoryofmelatoninanditsuseinvarious
therapies, as well as melatonin and circadian rhythms. The focus of Section II relates to mela-
tonin’sactioninthepreventionofdiseasessuchascardiovasculardiseases,reproductivediseases,
solarskindamage,diabetes,immunefunction,uveitis,andgutfunction,amongothers.Thereare
threeothersectionswithclinicalpotentialimportanceandvaryinglevelsofstudy.Thekeysection,
Section III, relates to melatonin’s action in the treatment of diseases and physiological disorders
suchassurgery,bone,breastcancer,gastrointestinalfunction,reproduction,andpancreasdiseases.
In some cases, the role of melatonin is still controversial in certain human health conditions, and
theresearchersdefinewhatisknownforthevariousconditionsbeingtreated.SectionIVdescribes
melatonininthecontextofsleepandcircadianrhythmregulation.Finally,SectionVdescribeshow
melatonin’sactionsonphysiologicalfunctionsinhumansfocusontheeffectsoflossofpinealfunc-
tionandthesubsequentreductioninmelatoninproductionaswellasitsreplacementasatherapy.
Theseincludeneuroendocrineeffects,inflammation,age-relateddegeneration,collagensynthesis,
vascularstructure,DNAprotection,oxidation,andtraumaticstress,amongothers.Understanding
melatoniniscritical,asitisahormonethatissoldoverthecounterasadietarysupplementandis
thusreadilyavailabletoconsumersinmanycountries.
vii

Acknowledgments
SpecialthanksareextendedtoBethanyL.Stevens,theeditorialassistanttoDr.RonaldRossWatson.
She spent many hours working with the publisher and with the authors of this book. She made it
possible for Dr. Watson to function as the editor by lightening his load and taking responsibility
forroutinequestions,format,andstyle.SupportforeditorialassistancewasprovidedbySouthwest
Scientific Editing and Consulting, LLC. The help of Mari Stoddard, an Arizona Health Sciences
Librarian,wascrucialtofindingalltheauthorsandtopicsthatappearinthebook.
ix