Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900-1150 PDF
Preview Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900-1150
OXFORD STUDIES IN MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN HISTORY GeneralEditors john h. arnold patrick j. geary and john watts Medieval Rome – Stability and Crisis of a City, 900 1150 CHRIS WICKHAM 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #ChrisWickham2015 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2015 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014934069 ISBN 978–0–19–968496–0 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. For Leslie, again Acknowledgements Iam,asusual,verygratefulforthehelpoffriendswhilewritingthisbook.Sandro CarocciandMarcoVendittelli,therealexperts,gavemeadvicefromthestart,and read the whole book for me; I could not have finished it without their detailed critiques. Alessandra Molinari read and critiqued Chapter3 and Leslie Brubaker Chapter6;forcritiquesofpartsofchaptersIamalsoindebtedtoCarolineGood- son, Alessia Rovelli, Emanuela Montelli, Lila Yawn, and Emanuele Conte; the discussionsIhadwithalltheseframedmyunderstandingofthecity.Ihadfurther help, in the form of advice and information, offprints, bibliography, or all three, from Frances Andrews, Ermanno Arslan, Giulia Barone, Antonio Berardozzi, Federico Cantini, Cristina Carbonetti Vendittelli, Michael Clanchy, Robert Coates-Stephens, Marios Costambeys, Paolo Delogu, Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri, John Doran, Lisa and James Fentress, Sergio Fontana, Patrick Healy, HagenKeller,MauroLenzi,ConradLeyser,IsaLoriSanfilippo,Jean-ClaudeMaire Vigueur, Federico Marazzi, Maria Laura Marchiori, Oren Margolis, Jean-Marie Martin,RobertoMeneghini,GiulianoMilani,EmanuelaMontelli,LauraMoscati, CeciliaPalombelli,SusannaPassigli(whoopenedupformetheJeanCostearchive at a critical moment), Anna Rapetti, Serena Romano, Riccardo Santangeli, Julia Smith,LucreziaSpera,andLauraVendittelli.IamindebtedalsotoSueBowenand PhilippaByrneforthetyping,EmilyWinklerfortheindex,andtoHarryBuglass for the maps. In Rome, I was helped constructively by the guardians of all the archivesIvisited,notexcluding thoseseveral,not citedhere,whichturnedoutto havenothingunpublishedinthem;andbythelibrariansofadozenlibraries.Iam particularlygratefulheretothelibraryoftheÉcoleFrançaisedeRome,whichwas myprimaryresearchlibrary fromstarttofinishandwhichisawonderful placeto work in. It must finally be noted here that the text of the book is essentially the sameasthatofRomamedievale.Crisiestabilitàdiunacittà,900–1150,published in 2013 by Viella editrice of Rome; only a few small changes and additions have beenmadetoitfortheEnglishversion. I wrote this book while being Chair of the History Faculty Board (Head of Department) in Oxford, in 2009–12. It was fascinating to be doing two such very different, but equally stimulating, things at once. I do not think it was that experience which explains the rather greater stress on political action in this book thaninmostofmypriorwriting,asthatwaspartofmyprojectfromthestart;but Idothinkitatleastpartlyexplainsthefavourablewrite-upinthebookofInnocent II, one of the most hard-nosed, cynical, and devious popes of my entire period ofstudy. Birmingham July2014 Contents ListofMaps xi ListofIllustrations xii ListofPopes xiii AbbreviationsforPrimarySourcesandJournals xv ANoteonNames xix 1. GrandNarratives 1 TheProblematic 1 TheProblemofSources 5 TheProblemoftheHistoriography 13 APoliticalFrameworkforRomanHistory 20 2. TheCountrysideandtheCity 35 TheLandofCastles 42 TheAgroRomano 52 TheVineyardBelt 89 Conclusion 107 3. TheUrbanEconomy 111 TheUrbanFabric 112 TheUrbanEconomy 136 MacroeconomicProblems 168 4. UrbanAristocracies 181 The‘OldAristocracy’andtheAncienRégimeofRome,900–1046 186 The‘NewAristocracy’ 220 Rome’sAristocraciesinanItalianContext 252 5. MediumElitesandChurchClienteles:TheSocietyofRome’s RegionsintheEleventhandTwelfthCenturies 259 MediumElites 260 ThreeRomanRegiones 277 SocialNetworksintheCityofRome:Parishes,Clientelesand InformalAssociations 306 6. TheGeographyofRitualandIdentity 321 TheRitualConstructionofRome 321 PastandPresentinRome’sSelf-image 348 7. TheCrisis,1050–1150 385 FallandRiseofaJudicialSystem 386 TheRulesofPoliticsinRome,1050–1150 409
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