Medieval Islamic World: An Intellectual History of Science and Politics PDF
Preview Medieval Islamic World: An Intellectual History of Science and Politics
B P E T E R L A N G s o u l Medieval Islamic World: An Intellectual History of Science and Politics surveys major scientific and philosophical discoveries in the medieval period within the broader Islamicate world, providing an alternative historical framework to that of the pri- Medieval Islamic marily Eurocentric history of science and philosophy of science and technology fields. Medieval Islamic World serves to address the history of rationalist inquiry within scholarly institutions in medieval Islamic societies, surveying developments in the fields of medicine and political theory, and the scientific disciplines of astron- M World omy, chemistry, physics, and mechanics, as led by medieval Muslim scholarship. e d i e v a l I s Dr. Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul (Ph.D., McGill University) is l a Associate Professor at Khalifa University. Among his many m published articles and books are Formation of Islamic Jurisprudence i c (2016), Islamic History and Law (2016), and International Treaties W (Mu‘ahadat) in Islam (2008). o r l d AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND POLITICS P E T E Cover image: Classic Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik world map, ‘Ṣūrat RLA LABEEB AHMED BSOUL al-Arḍ’ (Picture of the World) from an abbreviated copy of al-Iṣṭakhrī’s N G Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik (Book of Routes and Realms). 589/1193. Mediterranean. Gouache and ink on paper. Diameter 37.5 cm. Credit: Leiden University Libraries. Cod. Or. 3101, ff. 4-5. www.peterlang.com B P E T E R L A N G s o u l Medieval Islamic World: An Intellectual History of Science and Politics surveys major scientific and philosophical discoveries in the medieval period within the broader Islamicate world, providing an alternative historical framework to that of the pri- Medieval Islamic marily Eurocentric history of science and philosophy of science and technology fields. Medieval Islamic World serves to address the history of rationalist inquiry within scholarly institutions in medieval Islamic societies, surveying developments in the fields of medicine and political theory, and the scientific disciplines of astron- M World omy, chemistry, physics, and mechanics, as led by medieval Muslim scholarship. e d i e v a l I s Dr. Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul (Ph.D., McGill University) is l a Associate Professor at Khalifa University. Among his many m published articles and books are Formation of Islamic Jurisprudence i c (2016), Islamic History and Law (2016), and International Treaties W (Mu‘ahadat) in Islam (2008). o r l d AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND POLITICS P E T E Cover image: Classic Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik world map, ‘Ṣūrat RLA LABEEB AHMED BSOUL al-Arḍ’ (Picture of the World) from an abbreviated copy of al-Iṣṭakhrī’s N G Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik (Book of Routes and Realms). 589/1193. Mediterranean. Gouache and ink on paper. Diameter 37.5 cm. Credit: Leiden University Libraries. Cod. Or. 3101, ff. 4-5. Medieval Islamic World This book is part of the Peter Lang Humanities list. Every volume is peer reviewed and meets the highest quality standards for content and production. PETER LANG New York Bern Berlin Brussels Vienna Oxford Warsaw Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul Medieval Islamic World An Intellectual History of Science and Politics PETER LANG New York Bern Berlin Brussels Vienna Oxford Warsaw Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bsoul, Labeeb Ahmed, author. Title: Medieval Islamic world: an intellectual history of science and politics / Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul. Description: New York: Peter Lang, 2018. Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017048401 | ISBN 978-1-4331-5185-9 (hardback: alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4331-5186-6 (ebook pdf) ISBN 978-1-4331-5188-0 (epub) | ISBN 978-1-4331-5189-7 (mobi) Subjects: LCSH: Science—Islamic countries—History. | Medicine—Islamic countries— History. | Muslim scientists. | Islam and science. | Political science— Islamic countries—History. | Islam and politics. Classification: LCC Q127.I742 B78 2018 | DDC 509.17/670902—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017048401 DOI 10.3726/b13479 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the “Deutsche Nationalbibliografie”; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de/. © 2018 Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York 29 Broadway, 18th floor, New York, NY 10006 www.peterlang.com All rights reserved. Reprint or reproduction, even partially, in all forms such as microfilm, xerography, microfiche, microcard, and offset strictly prohibited. Dedicated to my beloved brother Muhammad Ahmed Bsoul Abu Amar and his beloved family contents Acknowledgments ix Abstracts and Keywords xiii Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Characteristics of the Islamic Civilization 7 Islamic Characteristics of Scientific Trends 12 Chapter 2. Qurʾanic Experimental Method 25 The Elements of the Scientific Experimental Method in the Qurʾan 25 Human Reasoning (al-qiyās) 27 Chapter 3. T he Impact of Islamic Medicine on Modern Civilization and Islamic Scientific Heritage of Medicine and Pharmacy 49 A Brief Overview of the History of Medicine 51 Medicine in the Prophetic Era 52 Medicine in the Umayyad Era 53 Medicine in the Abbasid Era 53 Specialized Branches of Medicine 70 Chapter 4. T he Impact of Islamic Political Theory on Modern Civilization 121 The Advice of Ṭāhir ibn Ḥusayn 122 viii medieval islamic world Policy Vision of Ibn Zafar (“the Sicilian”) 124 About the Author of Consolation for the Ruler During the Hostility of Subjects 125 Brief history of Islamic Sicily 126 The Art of Politics by Machiavelli (d. 1527) 137 Points of Similarity 148 Points of Contrast 149 Conclusion 150 Chapter 5. C lassical Muslim Scholars’ Contribution to the Fields of Astronomy,Geography, Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering (ʿIlm al-Ḥiyal) 165 Astronomy 165 Islamic Astrological Achievements 166 The Most Important Muslim Astronomers and Their Efforts 169 The Composition of the World 175 Models of the Seven Planetary Movements 176 Other Astronomical Works 176 The Astronomical Observatories 186 Astronomical Instruments 189 Geography 195 Muslim Scholars’ Contributions to Alchemy or Chemistry 206 Methodological Chemistry 208 Chemical Laboratories 210 Muslims and the Development of Physics 217 The Qurʾan and the Laws of Physics 218 Muslims and the Development of Physics 219 Mechanics (ʿIlm al-Ḥiyal) 229 Glossary 265 About the Author 269 Index 271
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