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Medieval Archaeology an Encyclopedia PDF

680 Pages·2005·5.95 MB·English
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MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY AN ENCYCLOPEDIA EDITED BY PAM J.CRABTREE New York University GARLAND PUBLISHING, INC. NEW YORK & LONDON 2001 Published in 2001 by Garland Publishing, Inc. 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 Garland is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Disclaimer: For copyright reasons, some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Copyright © 2001 by Pam J.Crabtree All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Medieval archaeology: an encyclopedia/edited by Pam J.Crabtree. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-203-80181-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-67780-3 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-8153-1286-5 (acid-free paper) 1. Europe—Antiquities—Dictionaries. 2. Archaeology, Medieval—Dictionaries. 3. Excavations (Archaeology)—Europe—Dictionaries. I. Crabtree, Pam J. D125. M42 2000 936–dc21 00–056156 For Bernard Wailes with thanks CONTENTS PREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi CONTRIBUTORS xiii SITE ENTRIES BY COUNTRY xxi SUBJECT GUIDE xxiv 1 ENTRIES A TO Z INDEX 541 PREFACE Medieval archaeology is one of the fastest-growing fields in archaeology today. Road construction and urban redevelopment have led to the discovery of new rural sites and to major programs of urban excavation in cities such as Winchester, York, Trondheim, and Lübeck. The rich medieval archaeological database has been used to address a range of important theoretical concerns in contemporary archaeology. Carefully collected faunal and floral data have been used to address problems of human economy and the natural environment in the Middle Ages. Data from medieval excavations, especially when combined with detailed documentary research, are especially well suited to addressing some of the important issues in post-processual archaeological theory, including questions of gender, agency, and power. In addition, the Medieval period in Europe witnesses the origin and growth of cities, the development of long-distance trade and craft specialization, and the formation of political states. These processes of cultural and economic change have been of interest to archaeologists since the days of V.Gordon Childe. As a result, medieval archaeology is playing an increasingly important role in archaeological thinking throughout the world. While medieval archaeology plays an increasingly important role in contemporary archaeological debate, the discipline itself remains fragmented. Although some medieval archaeologists, especially in the United Kingdom and Scandinavia, are housed in stand- alone departments of archaeology or programs in medieval archaeology, many others find themselves in departments of history, anthropology, and classics. Medieval archaeologists also work in museums, and still others are part of ongoing archaeological units or research programs. In addition, medieval archaeologists are trained in a variety of ways. Many archaeologists who work in the Dark Ages (migration period) are trained as prehistorians, while archaeologists who specialize in the High Middle Ages are often trained as art historians or historians. One of the goals of this encyclopedia is to bring together in one volume the research of a diverse range of scholars who work on a wide variety of archaeological problems. In order to accomplish this goal, medieval archaeology has been defined as broadly as possible. The Middle Ages begin with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century, and end with the dawn of the Modern Era, ca. A.D. 1500. Several entries also address the Iron Age background to medieval society and the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West. The geographical range is equally broad. This encyclopedia focuses primarily on the Latin west, stretching from Poland to Iceland and from southern Italy to northern Scandinavia. An entry on the important medieval excavations in Novgorod, Russia, has also been included. However, the encyclopedia excludes the archaeology of the Byzantine world and the Balkans. This volume is designed to provide the interested reader with a guide to contemporary research in medieval archaeology. It includes country and regional surveys for many

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