Medicinal Plants of the World: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses, Volume 2

489 Pages·2001·15.53 MB·English

Medicinal Plants of the World
Medicinal Plants
oft he
World
Chemical Constituents,
Traditional and Modern
Medicinal Uses
Volume 2
By
Ivan A. Ross
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4684-9706-9 ISBN 978-1-59259-237-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-59259-237-1
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 2001
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
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Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
All authored papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those oflhe author(s), and
do nol necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.
The author assumes no responsibility for, makes no warranty with respect to results that may be obtained from
the uses or dosages listed, and does not necessarily endorse such uses, dosages, or procedures. The author
is not liable to any person whatsoever for any damage resulting from reliance on any information contained
herein, whether with respect to plant identification, uses, procedures, dosages, or by reason of any misstate-
ment or error contained in this work. The author recognizes that there are differences in varieties of plants,
the geographical location in which they are grown, growing conditions, stage of maturity, and method of
harvesting and preparation.
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Preface
This second volume of the series Medicinal Plants of the World contains infor-
mation on 24 plant species and 3225 references. It follows the pattern of the previous
volume, which was warmly received in the scientific communities around the world.
The reviews in the leading scientific periodicals commended the plan of work and
offered suggestions for improvement. I have made use of those suggestions in this
second volume of Medicinal Plants of the World, and I appreciated those suggestions
since they were an encouragement to me in the continuation of this work. After learn-
ing of the need for more information regarding medicinal plants, I felt obligated to
intensify my efforts to continue this work speedily, while at the same time maintain-
ing its essential standards and character as a standard reference book.
Readers of the previous volume have pointed out the need for an index and for
references to the chemical constituents. These needs have been met in this volume.
There were also questions about the criteria for the choice of the plants. The volume
of rapidly proliferating literature made it very difficult to decide on the plants to dis-
cuss. The criteria used in final selection of plants were the distribution and uses of the
plant in developing countries where they are needed as a primary source of medicine,
the amount of information available on the plant, and consumer interest.
I am grateful to all those who have contributed to this book. I count myself as
greatly privileged to have their collaboration since their wisdom has made this pos-
sible. I wish to record my grateful appreciation of the cooperation that has been ex-
tended to me by the administrators of the NAPRALERT database at the University of
Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA; The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, NY
USA for access to the herbarium, and to Mrs. Richter and the staff at Richter's, The
Herb Specialists, Goodwood, Ontario, Canada for their hospitality while photograph-
ing some of the plants in this volume. My appreciation goes to scientists around the
world for their dedication to the exploration of the medicinal values of plants and for
sharing their knowledge. Thanks also to those colleagues and friends who have helped
with criticism and suggestions. I am especially grateful to Danna Owens and Louise
Joseph for their work on the manuscript, and to Jennifer Carroll for editing the project.
I sincerely hope that this series will help promote healthier nations, a better apprecia-
tion and utilization of plants, and more research to further medicine.
As in the case of the previous volume, every effort has been made to present all
available information up to the time of publication.
Again, suggestions for improvement will be gratefully received and made use of
in subsequent volumes.
Ivan A. Ross
v
Contents
Preface ...... .............................................................................. .. .................. ...... .. .... ...... . v
1 Allium cepa
Common Names ........ .. ........................................ .................. ... .......... 1
Botanical Description ......... ..... ............................ .. .. .......... ...... ......... ... 2
Origin and Distribution ................ ............... .. ...... ................................ 2
Traditional Medicinal Uses ........... .................... ................... ..... .. ........ 2
Chemical Constituents ........... .. .... ........................ ...... .................... ..... 3
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials .. .. ................................ 6
References .. .. .... .................... .. ....................... .... ..... ... .. ......... ..... ........ 19
2 Althaea officina/is
Common Names ..... ..................... .. .... ............ .... .... .... ... ... ..... .. .... .. ... . 37
Botanical Description .......... .. .. ........................................ .... ........... ... 37
Origin and Distribution ........................ .. ....... .. .. ........ .... ...... .. ...... .. .... 37
Traditional Medicinal Uses ..................................................... .. ...... .. 38
Chemical Constituents ......... .. ... ............. ......... .. .. .. ..... ............ .. ......... 38
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials ........... ........... ........... . 39
References ................. ............ .............. ........... .................... ..... ... ....... 39
3 Anacardium occidentale
Common Names ....... ....... ......... ............. ... ..... ..... ...... ....... .. ..... ... .. ..... 43
Botanical Description ........ ... ... ........ .................. .. ...... ............ ... .... .. ... 43
Origin and Distribution ... .. ..... ..................... .. ..... ...... ....... ...... ... .... .. ... 44
Traditional Medicinal Uses .................. ...... .. ...... ...... .... ... ..... ........ ..... 44
Chemical Constituents .................... ........... .. ...... ........... .... .... ........ ... . 44
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials .. ................ ... ....... ... ... 46
References .. ........................................................ .............................. 49
4 Ananas comosus
Common Names .............. ............ ............... .................. .. ...... ... ......... 55
Botanical Description ........ .. .. ........... ... ........ .. .......................... ...... .... 55
Origin and Distribution .. ... ... ........... ... .... ... ......... .............. ... .... ......... . 56
Tradit ional Medicinal Uses ... .......................... ... ... .. ........ ... ..... ..... .... . 56
Chemical Constituents .. ...... .. ............. ........ .......... ..... ..... ............ ....... 57
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials .... .............. ..... ......... .. 59
References ... ...... ..... ......... .... .... ............ ..... .... ... ...... .. ........... .... ... ........ 61
vii
viii Contents
5 Angelica sinensis
Common Names .............. ... ..... ..... ......... ...... ... .. ... .. ..... ... .. ....... ..... ... .. 67
Botanical Description ....... ... ... .......... ..... .. .. ... ...... ... ........ .. ..... ..... ..... ... 67
Origin and Distribution ...... ........... ........ ..... ......... ....... ... .. ... .... .... ... .... 67
Traditional Medicinal Uses ..... .... .... .. .. ... .. .... ......... ......... .... ..... .. ...... .. 67
Chemical Constituents ........ .... ..................... .......... ................. ...... .... 68
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials .......... ...... .. ... ....... ..... . 68
References .. ........................ .. ...... ....... .... , ... ....... ... ...... ..... .. .. ... .... ... .... 75
6 Azadirachta indica
Common Names ............ .......... .... ............ .. .. .... .. ................ .. ... ... ..... .. 81
Botanical Description ....... ... .. .. ... ............. ..... .... ... .. ....... ...... ..... .. ...... .. 82
Origin and Distribution .. ..... ...................... ......... .... ........... ....... ....... .. 82
Traditional Medicinal Uses ..... .. .. .. ....... .... ...... ... ..... .... ...... ... ... ..... ... ... 82
Chemical Constituents .... ....... ..... ..... ....... .... .... ...... .. .... ....... ..... ....... ... 82
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials .. .... ..... .. .... ..... ........... . 86
References ........ ................. .. .... ...... ....... .... ...... .. ... .. ................. .... ..... 10 0
7 Echinacea angustifolia
Common Names .......... .......... ....... .... .. .... .. .......... ... ..... ...... ..... .. ..... .. 119
Botanical Description .... ...... ...... ....... .. ...... ... ... ........... ...... ..... ........ ... 119
Origin and Distribution .. ..... .. ........... .... .... ...... .. .. ........ ....... ..... .. ...... . 119
Traditional Medicinal Uses ..... .. .... ......... ..... .... .. ..... .... .................. .. . 119
Chemical Constituents .. ....... ..... .. ..... .... .... ....... ... ... .. ......... ....... .... .... 121
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials ............... .. ..... ........ . 122
References .. ................... ............ ....... ... ................. ...... ..... ... .... ....... .. 125
8 Ephedra sinica
Common Names ......... ... ... ..... .. .. .......... ........... ... ... ....... ............... ... . 131
Botanical Description .......... .. .... ............... .. ..... ..... ...... ............ ..... ... . 131
O rigin and Distribution .... .... ....... .................. ...... ... ...... .. .. ....... ....... . 131
Traditional Medicinal Uses ....... .... .. ........ .... ..... .... ....... .... .. .... .. .. ..... . 131
Chemical Constituents .... ............ ....... .................. ..... .. .. .......... ... .. .. . 131
Pharmacological A ctivities and Cl inical Trials .... ... ............. ..... .. ... . 132
References .... .. ........... ........... ... .......... ... ..... ..... ...... .. ... ..... .. .... ... ........ 135
9 Eucalyptus globulus
Common Names ............ ...... ......... .. ...... ... ......... .. .......... ..... .. ... ........ 141
Botanical Description ........... ............... ..... ........ ..... ....... .. .. ........ ....... 141
Origin and Distribution ... ... .. .. ... .. ........ .. .... .. ....... ... ...... ............ ... .... . 141
Traditional Medicinal Uses .. ..... .... ... ......... .... ... .... ... ... ... .. ...... .... .... .. 141
Chemical Constituents ..... ... ...... ... ... ......... ... ...... ... ........ .. .. .. .... ......... 142
Pharmacological Activ ities and Clinical Trials .......... .. .. ......... ... ..... 144
References ...... .. ..... ..... .. .... ... .......... ....... ............................. ...... .. ...... 148
Contents ix
1 0 Ginkgo bi/oba
Common Names ................................................. ..... .. ...... ..... ... .... ... 157
Botanical Description .. .. .... ...... .... ...... .................... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. 157
Origin and Distribution .............................. ............ ................ .. ...... . 157
Traditional Medicinal Uses .. .......................... ........ .................. .. ..... 157
Chemical Constituents ........ ...... ........................ ........................ .. .... 158
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials .. ...... .. ................ .. .... 162
References ... ..... .. .................. .... ...... .............. .. .. .. ...... ............. ... ... ... 175
11 Glycyrrhiza glabra
Common Names .............. .... .... .. .. .............. .... .... .. .. .. ............ ....... .... 191
Botanical Description ........ ...... .. .. .. .............. ...... ........ .. .......... .. .. .. .. .. 191
Origin and Distribution ...... .. .. ................ .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ............. .... .... .. 191
Traditional Medicinal Uses ..... .... ........ ......... ......... .... .. .. .. ...... ..... ..... 192
Chemical Constituents ..................... .. .... ............ .. .... ............. .. .. .. .... 193
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials ........ .. .. .......... .... ..... 195
References ..... .. ................... .. .... .................. .. .. ..... .. ..... ... .... .. ..... .. ..... 221
12 Hypericum perforatum
Common Names .................. .. .............................. .. .... .. ............ .. ..... 241
Botanical Description ............. ... ............ .................................... .... .. 241
Origin and Distribution ..... .. .... ...... ......... ........... .. .... .. .. .... .. ... .. .. ..... .. 242
Traditional Medicinal Uses .. ........ ................... ...... .. ............. .. ... .. .... 242
Chemical Constituents .. .. ........................... .. ...... .. ... .. .. .. ..... ........ .. ... 243
Pharmacological Activities and Clinica l Trials .. ..... .... ......... ... .... .... . 244
References .. .. ....... .. ..... .... .. ..... ....... ....... .. .... .... ... ..... ....... .... ... .... ... .... . 252
1 3 l.aurus nobilis
Common Names ........ ..... ..... .. ..... ....... .. ........ .... .. ... ........ ..... ......... ... 261
Botanical Description .............. .. .............................. .................. ..... . 261
O rigin and Distribution .. .. ..... .. ......... ....... ..... ... ...... ..... .... ... .... .... ...... 261
Traditional Medic inal Uses ..... ........ .... .... .. ... ....... .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... 262
Chemical Constituents .. ..... ........... .................................... ......... .... . 262
Pharmacological A ctiv ities and Clinical Trials .. ... .. .... .. ............. .. .. .. 264
References ..... .. ...... ... ... .... ...... .. .. ... ... ... ..... .... ... ........... .............. ....... 266
14 l. ycopersicon esculentum
Common N ames ... ...... ... ... ... ....... .... .. ..... ... ..... ......................... .. ..... 271
Botanical D escription .. .. ... ... ..... ....... .. ....... .. ..... ... .. .. .... ... ... .. ..... ... ..... 271
O rigin and D istribut ion .. .. ......... .. .. .... .................... .. .. ........... .. .. .. .. ... 271
Traditional M edicinal U ses. . ... ...... ............... ... .. .... .. .... ... ...... ..... .. .. .. 272
Chemical Constituents ... ..... .. ..................... ..... .. .... ....... .. ..... ... ..... .... 272
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials ...... .. ................. .. ..... 274
References ...... ..... .... .. ..... .... .. ... ...... ......... .. .... .... .... .. ............. ...... ..... . 276
x Contents
15 Matricaria chamomilla
Common Names .... , ......... .. ... ...... ............................ .. ............... ....... 285
Botanical Description ................... ... ... ............. ...... ..... .. ................... 285
Origin and Distribution .... ..... .. ....... ........ ............ ........ ........ .. .. .... ..... 286
Traditional Medicinal Uses .. .............................. ..................... .. ...... 286
Chemical Constituents ........ ................................... ..... .. .......... .. ...... 287
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials ...... .. .. .. .................... 289
References ....... .......................... ......... .... ......... ....... ..... .............. ...... 297
16 Morinda citrifolia
Common Names .................................................... .. ............... .... .... 309
Botanical Description .................... .............. ;. .... ...... ............. ..... ...... 309
Origin and Distribution ................................................................... 310
Traditional Medicinal Uses ............................................ ................. 310
Chemical Constituents ...................................... ................ ........ .... .. 311
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials ................................ 312
References .. .................................. .................. ......... ........................ 314
1 7 Musa sapientum
Common Names ............................... .. ........ .. .................................. 319
Botanical Description ................................... .. ................. .. .... .. ...... .. 319
Origin and Distribution ........... ................. .. ........ .. .... ....... .. .... .......... 320
Traditional Medicinal Uses .. .. .................................... ................. .. .. 320
Chemical Constituents ........... ........................ ................................. 321
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials .... ............................ 321
References .... .......... ................. .. ............. .... ..... ............... ... ... ..... ..... . 326
18 Myristica fragrans
Common Names .............. ..... ...... .. ......... .. .. .... .... .... ......................... 333
Botanical Description ...................................... ........ ........................ 333
Origin and Distribution .. ......... .. .... .... ........ ...... .... .. .. .... ...... ...... .. .... .. 334
Traditional Medicinal Uses ......... .. ........................................ ...... .... 334
Chemical Constituents .................... ............. ....... .. .. .... .. ........ .......... 335
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials .............................. .. 337
References ... ....... ............. ..... ... .... .. ... .... .... .... ....... ...... ...... ..... .. ...... ... 343
19 Nelumbo nucifera
Common Names ............................... .. ... ... ..... .. .............. .......... ..... .. 353
Botanical Description ............................... .. .. .. ........... ......... ............. 353
Origin and Distribution ...... .. ........................................................... 353
Traditional Medicinal Uses ........ .. ........................ ................ .... .... .. . 354
Chemical Constituents .. ... ..... ............. .... .......... .... ..... ....... ... ... ........ . 354
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials ................................ 354
References .............................................. ....... ..................... .... .. ....... 359
Contents xi
20 Pimpinella anisum
Common Names ...................... ............... .................... ............ .. ... ... 363
Botanical Description ..... ............. .. ................ ....... .................... ....... 363
Origin and Distribution ................. ................. ........................... ...... 363
Traditional Medicinal Uses ................. .......... .............................. .... 363
Chemical Constituents ........ ........... ............................... ... ...... .. .... .. . 364
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials ...... ............ ... ...... ... .. 365
References ....................... ............ .. ... .. ........ ...... ....... ... ...... .... ... ... ..... 368
21 Ricinus communis
Common Names ............... ........... ................ ......... ........... ............... 375
Botanical Description ............... .... ...... .......... .. ... .. ......... ......... ....... ... 376
Origin and Distribution ............. ............. .. .... ....... ................... .. ..... .. 376
Traditional Medicinal Uses ............... ................ ......... ............ .. ..... .. 376
Chemical Constituents .. ...... ............. ............... ................ .... .... ........ 379
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials ..... ...... .............. ...... . 380
References .. .................................... .................. .. ... ....... ...... ........ .. ... 385
22 Tanacetum parthenium
Common Names ... ....... ......... ..... .......... ............. ... ............ .. ......... .... 397
Botanical Description ................. ....................... ......... ............. ........ 397
Origin and Distribution .. .. ............ .... .............................. .. .. .. .. .. ....... 397
Traditional Medicinal Uses ...................................... ....................... 397
Chemical Constituents ....... ......................... ....... .. .. .... .. ..... ... ..... .. .... 398
Pharmacological A ctivities and Clinical Trials .. .... .......... ........ ........ 400
References .... ......... .. ... .. ................ .... ..... .............. ..... ..... ..... .. ...... ... .. 404
23 Tribulus terrestris
Common Names .... .. ............ .. .... .. .................... ......... .. .............. .. .... 411
Botanical Description .................. .. .. .. .............. ........ .... ...... .. .... .. ...... 412
Origin and Distribution ............................................... .. .............. .... 412
Traditional Medicinal Uses .. ............ .. ...... .......... ...................... .... ... 412
Chemical Constituents .. .... .............................. .. ...... .... .. .......... .... .... 413
Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials .. ............................ .. 414
References .. ... .. .... ........ ............. ... ...... ...... .............. ........ ....... ... ..... ... 420
24 Vitex agnus-castus
Common Names .......... .............. .. ...................................... .. .. .... .. ... 427
Botanical Description .. .. .. .............................. .... ..... .... .. .. ... ........... ... 427
Origin and Distribution ....... .. .. ...... .............. ........................ .. ...... .... 427
Traditional Medicinal U ses. ....... ................... .. ...... ................ .. .. ... ... 427
Chemical Constituents ........... ...... ... ................... .......... ........... .. .... .. 428
Pharmacological Activity and Clinical Trials ........... .. .......... .. .. .. .... . 430
References ............. .... .. .... ..... ....... ............... ......... ... .. ....... ..... ........... 432
xii
Cross Reference ......................................................................................................... 437
Glossary .................................................................................................................... 459
Index ......................................................................................................................... 471