Medicinal Plants and Environmental Challenges

409 Pages·2017·7.01 MB·English

by  Mansour Ghorbanpour

Mansour Ghorbanpour
Ajit Varma E ditors
Medicinal
Plants and
Environmental
Challenges
Medicinal Plants and Environmental Challenges
Mansour Ghorbanpour Ajit Varma
(cid:129)
Editors
Medicinal Plants
and Environmental
Challenges
123
Editors
MansourGhorbanpour Ajit Varma
Department ofMedicinal Plants Amity Institute of Microbial Technology
Arak University Amity University
Arak Noida, Uttar Pradesh
Iran India
ISBN978-3-319-68716-2 ISBN978-3-319-68717-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68717-9
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Contents
Importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Human Life. . . . . . . . 1
Mansour Ghorbanpour, Javad Hadian, Shahab Nikabadi and Ajit Varma
Introduction to Environmental Challenges in All Over the World. . . . . 25
Azadeh Kazemi and Mansour Ghorbanpour
Rarity of Endemic Medicinal Plants and Role of Herbaria for Their
Conservation Against Environmental Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Rizwana Khanum
Metabolic Responses of Medicinal Plants to Global Warming,
Temperature and Heat Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Shabir H. Wani, Nisha Kapoor and Ritu Mahajan
Effects of Toxic Gases, Ozone, Carbon Dioxide, and Wastes on Plant
Secondary Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Vinay Kumar, Tushar Khare, Sagar Arya, Varsha Shriram
and Shabir H. Wani
Plant Secondary Metabolites and Some Plant Growth Regulators
Elicited by UV Irradiation, Light And/Or Shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Zornitsa Katerova, Dessislava Todorova and Iskren Sergiev
Effect of Climate Change on Algae Valuable Source of Medicinal
Natural Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Morteza Yousefzadi and Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
Metabolic and Hormonal Responses of Plants to Cold Stress. . . . . . . . . 137
Joanna Lado and Matías Manzi
The Impact of Drought Stress on the Quality of Spice and Medicinal
Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Dirk Selmar, Maik Kleinwächter, Sara Abouzeid, Mahdi Yahyazadeh
and Melanie Nowak
v
vi Contents
Effect of Salinity Stress on Growth and Physiology of Medicinal
Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury
Heavy Metal-Mediated Changes in Growth and Phytochemicals of
Edible and Medicinal Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Shohreh Fahimirad and Mehrnaz Hatami
Horizontal Natural Product Transfer: A so Far Unconsidered Source
of Contamination of Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Melanie Nowak, Mahdi Yahyazadeh, Laura Lewerenz and Dirk Selmar
Strategies for Enhancing Artemisinin Production in Artemisia annua
Under Changing Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
M. Naeem, Tariq Aftab and M. Masroor A. Khan
PlantNanobionicsaNovelApproachtoOvercometheEnvironmental
Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Mansour Ghorbanpour and Shohreh Fahimirad
Medicinal Plants: Influence of Environmental Factors on the Content
of Secondary Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
CristineVanzBorges,IgorOtavioMinatel,HectorAlonzoGomez-Gomez
and Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
The Most Important Fungal Diseases Associated with Some Useful
Medicinal Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Faezehossadat Abtahi and Seydeh Lavin Nourani
Weed and Weeding Effects on Medicinal Herbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Alessandra Carrubba
Medicinal Plant Diseases Caused by Nematodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Faezehossadat Abtahi and Mansoureh Bakooie
Plant Derived Essential Oils Against Aedes aegypti L. and Their
Biotechnological Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Clarice Noleto Dias, Ludmilla Santos Silva de Mesquita,
Denise Fernandes Coutinho and Sonia Malik
Adaptation Strategies and Defence Mechanisms of Plants During
Environmental Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
E. Lamalakshmi Devi, Sudhir Kumar, T. Basanta Singh,
Susheel K. Sharma, Aruna Beemrote, Chingakham Premabati Devi,
S.K. Chongtham, Chongtham Henary Singh, Rupert Anand Yumlembam,
A. Haribhushan, N. Prakash and Shabir H. Wani
Importance of Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants in Human Life
Mansour Ghorbanpour, Javad Hadian, Shahab Nikabadi
and Ajit Varma
Abstract The plant kingdom includes a high number of species, producing a
diversity of bioactive molecules with different chemical scaffolds. Over the cen-
turies, the use of medicinal and aromatic plants has become an important part of
dailylifedespitetheprogressinmodernmedicalandpharmaceuticalindustry.They
are now being progressively cosmetics, foods and teas, as well as alternative
medicines. The growing interest in herbs and their ability to offer economical uses
is a part of the movement towards greener economics and life styles. This move-
ment is based on the belief that the plants have a vast potential for their use as a
curative medicine. Medicinal and aromatic plants will also maintain their impor-
tanceinthesearchfornew,valuablesourcesofdrugsandleadcompounds.Inview
ofthesteadilyrisingdemandsontheseimportantnaturalresources,attentionshould
be paid to the sustainable forms of production and utilization.
(cid:1) (cid:1)
Keywords Medicinalandaromaticplants Phytochemicals Traditional-/modern
medicine
M.Ghorbanpour(&)
DepartmentofMedicinalPlants,FacultyofAgricultureandNaturalResources,
ArakUniversity,38156-8-8349Arak,Iran
e-mail:[email protected]
J.Hadian
MedicinalPlantsandDrugsResearchInstitute,ShahidBeheshtiUniversity,
G.C.,Evin,Tehran,Iran
S.Nikabadi
SchoolofPlantBiology,FacultyofNaturalandAgriculturalScience,
UniversityofWesternAustralia,Crawley,WA6009,Australia
A.Varma
AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology,AmityUniversityUttarPradesh,
FourthFloor,E-3Block,Sector125,Noida201303,UP,India
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 1
M.GhorbanpourandA.Varma(eds.),MedicinalPlantsandEnvironmental
Challenges,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68717-9_1
2 M.Ghorbanpouretal.
Introduction
With the emergence of human civilization, plants have been the main source to
cure, heal and alleviate various diseases. Medicinal plants belong to a big plant
groupwithagreatinterestduetoitspharmaceutical,cosmeticandnutritionalvalues
(AbdulRasoolHassan2012).Thesynthesizecompoundsoftheseplantsareuseful
to preserve the health in humans and animals. These include aromatic substances,
such as phenols or their oxygen-substituted derivatives which is called tannins.
Plants have an almost limitless ability to synthesize aromatic substances mainly
secondary metabolites, of which at least 12,000 have been isolated, a number
estimated to be less than 10% of the total. These compounds are usually served as
the molecules of plant defense against predation by microorganisms, insects, and
herbivores.
Many of the herbs and spices used by humans to season food yield useful
medicinal compounds. The demand for medicinal plants is currently increasing in
both developed and developing countries for various reasons.
Insome,itwouldbethegrowingrecognitionthatnaturalproductshavefeweror
even no side effects; for others, however it would be their accessibility and
affordable costs that would tip the scales. Medicinal and aromatic plants can be
processed to become essential oils through distillation, however, their cut flower
marketing and the plants parts are in demand.
Theyareusedinpharmacy,cosmetology,perfumesandthefoodindustryamong
others.Withincreaseddemands for the available resources, anumber ofimportant
plant species have become scarce in areas where they were previously abundant.
Whenthecollectionanduseisnotregulated,somespeciesmaybecomethreatened
with extinction. In recent years, the use of medicinal and aromatic plants has
increased greatly in western countries, India and China. In Europe, at least 2000
medicinal and aromatic plants species are traded commercially.
Medicinal plants have a promising future because there are about half million
plants around the world, and most of their pharmaceutical capability have not
investigated yet, which should be in demand of the present and future studies.
Therapeutic Importance of Phytochemicals
Plants have evolved to synthesize an extremely diverse range of chemical com-
pounds known as secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites have no
apparent role in primary plant growth and development processes, so they are
uniquetoplantsfromasinglespeciesandincreaseduringtimesofhighstresssuch
as drought, temperature and bacterial infection (Taiz and Zeiger 2006). Many of
these compounds exhibit anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, cytotoxic and other medici-
nallyusefulproperties(TaizandZeiger2006).Theseactivitiescanbeattributedto
the presence of a variety of phytochemical constituents, which can be divided into
ImportanceofMedicinalandAromaticPlantsinHumanLife 3
three main chemically distinct groups: terpenes, phenolics and nitrogen containing
compounds (alkaloids). The following is a brief presentation of the main chemical
compositions of medicinal plants.
Glycosides
The glycosides are the products of secondary metabolism including various cate-
goriesofsecondarymetabolites which bounded tomono or oligosaccharide andto
uronicaid.Thesaccharideoruronicacidpartiscalledglycone,andtheotherpartis
aglycone.Theaglyconmaybeaterpene,flavonoid,coumarineoranyothernatural
products.Themaingroupsofglycosides(basedonchemicalnatureofaglyconand
pharmacological activity) are cardiac glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosi-
nolates, saponins and anthraquinone glycosides. However, flavonoids are fre-
quently occurred as glycosides.
The cardiac glycosides or cardenolides are a family of steroids that bind and
inhibit theintracellular Na+/K+-ATPasepumps inthemembrane ofcellswith high
selectivity and affinity. These intracellular pumps are critical for the cardiac cells’
function and their effects are really remarkable on the heart which leads to con-
tractility increase and rate reduction.
Thus, cardio glycosidic plants are commonly used in the treatment of heart
failureandcardiacarrhythmia.Cardioactiveglycosidesarefoundinadiversegroup
of plant species including Digitalis purpura and D. lanata (Scrophulariaceae),
Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) and Convallaria majalis (Convallariaceae)
(Oerther 2011; Bernhoft 2010).
The cyanogenic glycosides or cyanoglycosides have aglycones derived from
aminoacids.Thesecompoundsareusuallyinterferedwiththeiodineutilizationand
result inhypothyroidism.Cyanogenicglycosidescan become verytoxic andlethal
in high dosage, when hydrogen cyanide (HCN) release. Cyanogenic glycosides
withatleast2500taxaarerelativelyidinplantkingdom.Mostofthetaxabelongto
4 M.Ghorbanpouretal.
families Fabaceae, Rosaceae (in particular in Prunus spp.), Linaceae, Compositae
and others (Vetter 2000).
The glucosinolates (S-glucopyranosylthiohydroximates) contain sulphur-
containing, pungent amino acid-derived a glycones. They are enzymatically
hydrolyzed to produce sulfate ions, D-glucose, and characteristic degradation
products such as isothiocyanates (Ishida et al. 2014). The compounds show a
complex set of effects on cytochrome P450 isoforms in various cells and tend to
decreasehepaticbioactivationofenvironmentalprocarcinogens.Theglucosinolates
cause skin irritation and also induce hypothyroidism and goitre. The Brassicaceae,
Capparidaceae and Resedaceae are the main family associated with glucosinolate
production.
The saponin glycosides are large molecules with a hydrophilic glycone and a
hydrophobic aglycone, which give emulsifying properties and can be used as
detergents. In addition, saponins exert a wide range of pharmacological activities
including expectorant, anti inflammatory, vasoprotective, hypocholesterolemic,
immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, molluscicidal, antifungal, antiparasitic and
many others (Sparg et al. 2004; Sahu et al. 2008). Plants rich in saponins, like
PanaxginsengorGlycyrrhizaglabra,havebeenusedformedicinalpurposessince
ancient times (Fiore et al. 2005) and to date continue to play a significant role not
onlyinmedicinebutalsoinfoodandcosmeticindustry,wheretheyareutilizedas
emulsifiersorsweeteners(Guçlu-UstundagandMazza2007).Saponinsarealsouse
as adjuvants in the production of vaccines (Sun et al. 2009). Aglycone component
of anthraquinone glycosides is a polyhydroxyanthraquinone derivative.
Anthraquinone glycosides are generally orange, red, or brown-red compounds
found in fairly limited distribution within the plant kingdom. In Polygonaceae
(dock family) for instance, they could be found inRumex crispus (curlydock)and
Rheum spp. (rhubarbs). Their primary effect is induction of water and electrolyte
secretion as well as peristalsis in colon.
Flavonoids and Proanthocyanidins
Flavonoids consist of a large group of polyphenolic compounds with a benzo-c-
pyronestructure,whichareubiquitouslyobservedinplants.Proanthocyanidinsare
oligomers of flavonoids. Both groups of compounds can occur as glycosides and
methylated derivatives. Flavonoids are the most common and widely distributed
groupofplantphenoliccompounds,occurringvirtuallyinallplantparts,particularly
the photosynthesis plant cells (Kumar and Pandey 2013). All compounds contain
phenol-groups involved in an effect as general antioxidant. Other actions are
diverse-several structures reduce inflammation or carcinogenicity. The group iso-
flavonesareprimarilyknownasphytoestrogens.Flavonoidsandproanthocyanidins
areallpigmentsoccurringinalongrangeofplantfamilies.Isoflavonesareproduced
byspeciesofFabaeceae(beanfamily).