Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III

518 Pages·1991·15.03 MB·English

by  Y. P. S. Bajaj

Volumes already published
Volume 1: Trees I (1986)
Volume 2: Crops I (1986)
Volume 3: Potato (1987)
Volume 4: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I (1988)
Volume 5: Trees II (1989)
Volume 6: Crops II (1988)
Volume 7: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II (1989)
Volume 8: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering I (1989)
Volume 9: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II (1989)
Volume 10: Legumes and Oilseed Crops I (1990)
Volume 11: Somac1onal Variation in Crop Improvement I (1990)
Volume 12: Haploids in Crop Improvement I (1990)
Volume 13: Wheat (1990)
Volume 15: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III (1991)
Volumes in preparation
Volume 14: Rice (1991)
Volume 16: Trees III (1991)
Volume 17: High-Tech and Micropropagation I
Volume 18: High-Tech and Micropropagation II
Biotechnology in
Agriculture and Forestry 15
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III
Edited by Y P. s. Bajaj
With 208 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Professor Dr. Y. P. S. BAJAJ
A-137
New Friends Colony
New Delhi 110065, India
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-84073-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-84071-5
DOl: 10.1007/ 978-3-642-84071-5
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
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Dedicated to
Sarabjit, Bhupinder, and Sonia Bawa
Preface
The use of in vitro technology in the production of medicinal com
pounds through plant cell cultures is gaining momentum. The recent
commercial production of shikonin in cell cultures of Lithospermum
has especially attracted attention of the pharmaceutical industry.
The advances made in the micropropagation, production of hap
loids, genetic transformation through Agrobacterium, the selection
of high-yielding somaclones, and the cryopreservation of cell cul
tures of medicinal plants are significant and have far-reaching impli
cations for commercial exploitation. These new developments need
to be highlighted and brought to the attention of workers dealing
with medicinal, aromatic and other plants of industrial importance.
A series of books on the biotechnology of medicinal and aromatic
plants are therefore being compiled to provide a survey of the liter
ature focusing on recent information and the state of the art.
This volume, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III, like the previ
ous two (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I and II, published in 1988
and 1989, respectively) is unique in its approach. It comprises 29
chapters dealing with the distribution, economic importance, con
ventional propagation, review of tissue culture studies, and the in
vitro production of important medicinal and pharmaceutical com
pounds in various species of Atropa, Ageratina, Ailanthus, Aconitum,
Apium, Aloe, Akebia, Bidens, Carthamus, Carum, Cham om ilia , Cit
rus, Cymbopogon, Dysoma, Euphorbia, Fritillaria, Glycyrrhiza, La
vandula, Nigella, Pelargonium, Perilla, Podophyllum, Rosa, Scutel
laria, Securinega, Solanum, Swertia, Symphytum, and Syringa. The
potential role of biotechnology for industrial production is dis
cussed. This book is tailored to the needs of advanced students,
teachers and research workers in the fields of plant biotechnology
and bioengineering, pharmacy, botany, and phytochemistry.
New Delhi, January 1991 Professor Y P. S. BAJAJ
Series Editor
Contents
I Atropa belladonna L.: In Vitro Culture, Regeneration
of Plants, Cryopreservation and the Production
of Tropane Alkaloids
y. P. S. BAJAJ and L. K. SIMOLA (With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 1
2 In Vitro Culture Studies .............................. 2
3 Summary and Conclusions ........................... , 21
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
II Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) K. & R.: In Vitro Culture
and the Production of Secondary Metabolites
P. PROKSCH (With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 24
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 26
3 Conclusions and Prospects ........................... , 36
4 Protocol ........................................... 36
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
III Ailanthus altissima (the Tree of Heaven):
In Vitro Culture and the Formation of Alkaloids
and Quassinoids
M. F. ROBERTS (With 5 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 39
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 46
3 Conclusions ........................................ 54
References ........................................... , 54
IV Aconitum spp. (Monkshood): Somatic Embryogenesis,
Plant Regeneration, and the Production of Aconitine
and Other Alkaloids
y. SHOYAMA, I. NISHIOKA, and K. HATANO (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 58
2 Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration
from Anthers ....................................... 61
3 Clonal Propagation by Tip Tissue Culture .............. 65
x Contents
4 Analysis of Aconitine-Type Alkaloids .................. 68
5 Conclusion ......................................... 71
6 Protocol ........................................... 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72
V Apium graveolens L. (Celery): In Vitro Culture
and the Production of Flavors
H. A. COLLIN and S. ISAAC (With 11 Figures)
1 Occurrence and Importance of Celery .................. 73
2 Composition of Celery Essential Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74
3 Extraction and Separation of Celery Essential Oil ........ 80
4 Tissue Culture of Celery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81
5 Production of Flavor Compounds in Celery Tissue Cultures 81
6 Conclusions ........................................ 91
7 Protocol for Extraction of Essential Oil from Celery. . . . .. 92
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92
VI Aloe barbadensis Mill. (A. vera L.)
A. CAVALLINI, L. NATALI, and I. CASTORENA SANCHEZ
(With 4 Figures)
1 General Account .................................... 95
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 99
3 Conclusions and Prospects ............................ 104
References ............................................ 105
VII Akebia quinata Decne (Akebi): In Vitro Culture
and the Formation of Secondary Metabolites
A. IKUTA (With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 107
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 111
3 Conclusion ......................................... 116
4 Protocol ........................................... 117
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117
VIII Bidens alba (Smooth Beggar-Tick) and Bidens pilosa
(Hairy Beggar-Tick)
R. A. NORTON (With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 119
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 126
3 Conclusions and Prospects ............................ 137
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 138
Contents XI
IX Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower):
Production of Vitamin E in Cell Cultures
T. FURUYA and T. YOSHIKAWA (With 3 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 142
2 In Vitro Culture of Safflower ......................... 144
3 Growth and Tocopherol Production
in Safflower Cell Cultures ............................ 144
4 Metabolism of Tocopherols ........................... 149
5 Increase of Tocopherol Content by Greening of Cells . . . .. 150
6 Production of Other Compounds ...................... 152
7 Conclusions ........................................ 153
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154
X Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert (Camomile):
In Vitro Culture and the Production of Secondary Metabolites
1. REICHLING and R. BEIDERBECK (With 7 Figures)
1 General Account .................................... 156
2 Biotechnological Approaches .......................... 165
3 Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173
References ............................................ 174
XI Carum carvi L. (Caraway): In Vitro Culture,
Embryogenesis, and the Production of Aromatic Compounds
M. FURMANOWA, D. SOWINSKA, and A. PIETROSIUK
(With 8 Figures)
1 General Account .................................... 176
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 178
3 Plant Development in the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
4 Chromosome Analysis ............................... 187
5 Preliminary Reports of Encapsulation of Embryoids
and Shoot Tips ..................................... 187
6 Protocol ........................................... 188
7 Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 190
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 190
XII Citrus spp.: In Vitro Culture and the Production
of Naringin and Limonin
R. L. MANSELL and C. A. McINTOSH (With 7 Figures)
1 General Account .................................... 193
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 198
3 Protocol ........................................... 207
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 208
XII Contents
XIII Cymbopogon Spreng. (Aromatic Grasses):
In Vitro Culture, Regeneration, and the Production
of Essential Oils
H. L. SREENATH and K. S. JAGADISHCHANDRA (With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 211
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 217
3 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 233
4 Conclusion and Prospects ............................. 234
References ............................................ 234
XIV Dysosma pleiantha (Hance) Woodson:
Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration
WEI-CHIN CHANG (With 3 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 237
2 Tissue Culture Studies ................................ 240
3 Conclusion and Prospects ............................. 246
References ............................................ 246
XV Euphorbia spp.: In Vitro Culture and the Production
of Anthocyanins
Y YAMAMOTO (With 7 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 247
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 247
3 Conclusions and Prospects ............................ 256
References ............................................ 256
XVI Fritillaria spp. (Fritillary): In Vitro Culture
and the Regeneration of Plants
C. S. SUN and D. Y. WANG (With 3 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 258
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 262
3 Conclusion and Prospects ............................. 267
References ............................................ 268
XVII Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Licorice): Cell Culture,
Regeneration, and the Production of Glycyrrhizin
M. HENRY, A. M. EDY, P. DESMAREST, and 1. Du MANOIR
(With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 270
2 In Vitro Culture of Licorice ........................... 273
3 Secondary Metabolites from Tissue Cultures ............. 280
4 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 280
5 Conclusion ......................................... 281
References ............................................ 281