Medical Imaging: Technology and Applications PDF
Preview Medical Imaging: Technology and Applications
Biomedical Science Farncombe Iniewski Medical Imaging MMeeddiiccaall TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Medical imaging is a broad field that has changed significantly since M IImmaaggiinngg the discovery of x-rays by Roentgen. Magnetic resonance, ultrasound, x-ray, optical, and radionuclide techniques are used routinely in clinical practice to diagnose and treat disease. These technologies move e quickly, however, and it is often difficult to stay abreast of current techniques and technologies. Medical Imaging: Technology and d Applications gives you an overview of the state of the art in non-invasive medical imaging techniques, tools, and procedures. i T E C H N O L O G Y A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S c Featuring contributions by some of the foremost experts from clinical, industrial, and academic institutions, this book introduces a advanced techniques used in the realm of medical imaging. It draws on knowledge from diverse fields such as mechanical and electrical l engineering, physics, mathematics, computer science, and, of course, medicine. The book offers broad coverage across various modalities, I presenting advances in optical, x-ray, and ultrasound imaging, magnetic m resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine and hybrid imaging. It also discusses hardware—including magnetic resonance coil design, ultrasound transducer design, and radiation detectors—as well as a software advancements such as image co-registration and 3D reconstruction methods. g Throughout, the book looks at real-world experiences with the technolo- gies and how they fit into routine clinical management. A snapshot of i the field, this is a useful resource for engineers, scientists, and students, n as well as anyone who wants to better understand the current medical imaging landscape. It offers a solid foundation from which to further g explore specific topics and develop your own ideas. K18945 EE DD II TT EE DD BB YY TTrroo yy FF aa rr nn cc oo mm bb ee KK rrzz yy ss zz tt oo ff II nn ii ee ww ss kk ii Medical Imaging T E C H N O L O G Y A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S Devices, Circuits, and Systems Series Editor Krzysztof Iniewski CMOS Emerging Technologies Research Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada PUBLISHED TITLES: Atomic Nanoscale Technology in the Nuclear Industry Taeho Woo Biological and Medical Sensor Technologies Krzysztof Iniewski Building Sensor Networks: From Design to Applications Ioanis Nikolaidis and Krzysztof Iniewski Circuits at the Nanoscale: Communications, Imaging, and Sensing Krzysztof Iniewski Electrical Solitons: Theory, Design, and Applications David Ricketts and Donhee Ham Electronics for Radiation Detection Krzysztof Iniewski Embedded and Networking Systems: Design, Software, and Implementation Gul N. Khan and Krzysztof Iniewski Energy Harvesting with Functional Materials and Microsystems Madhu Bhaskaran, Sharath Sriram, and Krzysztof Iniewski Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Nanostuctures: Techniques and Applications James E. Morris and Krzysztof Iniewski High-Speed Photonics Interconnects Lukas Chrostowski and Krzysztof Iniewski Integrated Microsystems: Electronics, Photonics, and Biotechnology Krzysztof Iniewski Internet Networks: Wired, Wireless, and Optical Technologies Krzysztof Iniewski Low Power Emerging Wireless Technologies Reza Mahmoudi and Krzysztof Iniewski Medical Imaging: Technology and Applications Troy Farncombe and Krzysztof Iniewski MEMS: Fundamental Technology and Applications Vikas Choudhary and Krzysztof Iniewski PUBLISHED TITLES: Nano-Semiconductors: Devices and Technology Krzysztof Iniewski Nanoelectronic Device Applications Handbook James E. Morris and Krzysztof Iniewski Nanoplasmonics: Advanced Device Applications James W. M. Chon and Krzysztof Iniewski Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications Laurent A. Francis and Krzysztof Iniewski Optical, Acoustic, Magnetic, and Mechanical Sensor Technologies Krzysztof Iniewski Radiation Effects in Semiconductors Krzysztof Iniewski Semiconductor Radiation Detection Systems Krzysztof Iniewski Smart Sensors for Industrial Applications Krzysztof Iniewski Telecommunication Networks Eugenio Iannone Testing for Small-Delay Defects in Nanoscale CMOS Integrated Circuits Sandeep K. Goel and Krishnendu Chakrabarty Wireless Technologies: Circuits, Systems, and Devices Krzysztof Iniewski FORTHCOMING TITLES: 3 D Circuit and System Design: Multicore Architecture, Thermal Management, and Reliability Rohit Sharma and Krzysztof Iniewski CMOS: Front-End Electronics for Radiation Sensors Angelo Rivetti High Frequency Communication and Sensing: Traveling-Wave Techniques Ahmet Tekin and Ahmed Emira Gallium Nitride (GaN): Physics, Devices, and Technology Farid Medjdoub and Krzysztof Iniewski High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications Jung Han Choi and Krzysztof Iniewski Integrated Power Devices and TCAD Simulation Yue Fu, Zhanming Li, Wai Tung Ng, and Johnny K.O. Sin Labs-on-Chip: Physics, Design and Technology Eugenio Iannone FORTHCOMING TITLES: Metallic Spintronic Devices Xiaobin Wang Microfluidics and Nanotechnology: Biosensing to the Single Molecule Limit Eric Lagally and Krzysztof Iniewski MIMO Power Line Communications: Narrow and Broadband Standards, EMC, and Advanced Processing Lars Torsten Berger, Andreas Schwager, Pascal Pagani, and Daniel Schneider Mobile Point-of-Care Monitors and Diagnostic Device Design Walter Karlen and Krzysztof Iniewski Nanoelectronics: Devices, Circuits, and Systems Nikos Konofaos Nanomaterials: A Guide to Fabrication and Applications Gordon Harling and Krzysztof Iniewski Nanopatterning and Nanoscale Devices for Biological Applications Krzysztof Iniewski and Seila Selimovic Nanoscale Semiconductor Memories: Technology and Applications Santosh K. Kurinec and Krzysztof Iniewski Optical Fiber Sensors and Applications Ginu Rajan and Krzysztof Iniewski Power Management Integrated Circuits and Technologies Mona M. Hella and Krzysztof Iniewski Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design Sebastian Magierowski Semiconductor Device Technology: Silicon and Materials Tomasz Brozek and Krzysztof Iniewski Smart Grids: Clouds, Communications, Open Source, and Automation David Bakken and Krzysztof Iniewski Solar Cells: Materials, Devices, and Systems Qiquan Qiao and Krzysztof Iniewski Soft Errors: From Particles to Circuits Jean-Luc Autran and Daniela Munteanu Technologies for Smart Sensors and Sensor Fusion Kevin Yallup and Krzysztof Iniewski VLSI: Circuits for Emerging Applications Tomasz Wojcicki and Krzysztof Iniewski Medical Imaging T E C H N O L O G Y A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S E D I T E D B Y Tro y F a r n c o m b e K rz y s z t o f I n i e w s k i Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MAT- LAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130820 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8263-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a pho- tocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................ix Editors ......................................................................................................................xi Contributors .........................................................................................................xiii 1. Future of Medical Imaging ...........................................................................1 Mark Nadeski and Gene Frantz 2. Ultrahigh-Speed Real-Time Multidimensional Optical Coherence Tomography ................................................................23 Kang Zhang and Jin U. Kang 3. Molecular Imaging True Color Spectroscopic (METRiCS) Optical Coherence Tomography ................................................................53 Adam Wax and Francisco E. Robles 4. Spatial and Spectral Resolution of Semiconductor Detectors in Medical Imaging ......................................................................................89 Bjorn Heismann 5. Design and Assessment Principles of Semiconductor Flat-Panel Detector-Based X-Ray Micro-CT Systems for Small-Animal Imaging .........................................................................................................109 A. Sisniega, J.J. Vaquero, and M. Desco 6. Dual-Energy CT Imaging with Fast-kVp Switching ...........................147 Baojun Li 7. Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography ..........................................173 Tinsu Pan 8. Image Reconstruction Algorithms for X-Ray CT .................................189 Ken Taguchi 9. Portable High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging System Design and Hardware Considerations .................................................................217 Insoo Kim, Hyunsoo Kim, Flavio Griggio, Richard L. Tutwiler, Thomas N. Jackson, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, and Kyusun Choi © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vii viii Contents 10. Recent Advances in Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer Imaging Systems ...................................................................253 Albert I. H. Chen, Lawrence L. P. Wong, and John T. W. Yeow 11. PET Detectors ..............................................................................................273 Alberto Del Guerra and Nicola Belcari 12. Recent Developments of High-Performance PET Detectors .............301 Hao Peng and Craig S. Levin 13. CT-SPECT/CT-PET .....................................................................................335 R. Glenn Wells 14. Multimodality Imaging with MR/PET and MR/SPECT ...................359 Troy H. Farncombe 15. Reducing Respiratory Artifacts in Thoracic PET/CT ..........................403 Greta S.P. Mok, Tao Sun, and Chi Liu 16. Image Reconstruction for 3D PET ...........................................................429 Jinyi Qi 17. Tracer Kinetic Analysis for PET and SPECT ........................................463 Jae Sung Lee and Dong Soo Lee 18. Multicoil Parallel MRI...............................................................................485 Angshul Majumdar and Rabab Ward 19. Brain Connectivity Mapping and Analysis Using Diffusion MRI .....529 Brian G. Booth and Ghassan Hamarneh 20. T MR Imaging: Principle, Technology, and Application ..............565 1rho Jing Yuan and Yi-Xiang J. Wang 21. Brain Connectivity Assessed with Functional MRI ...........................593 Aiping Liu, Junning Li, Martin J. McKeown, and Z. Jane Wang 22. Medical Image Registration: A Review .................................................619 Lisa Tang and Ghassan Hamarneh 23. Medical Image Segmentation: Energy Minimization and Deformable Models ............................................................................661 Chris McIntosh and Ghassan Hamarneh © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface The field of medical imaging is particularly diverse, incorporating fields such as mechanical and electrical engineering, physics, mathematics, com- puter science, and, of course, medicine. Knowledge in all these fields has come together with a sole purpose: to improve patient health through non- invasive imaging. Purpose of This Book This book has been written with the intent of providing a snapshot of some of these fields and how they are being applied to medical imaging. The contrib- utors to this book come from equally diverse areas, from clinical, industrial, and academic institutions. We have been fortunate to include contributions from among the foremost experts in these fields to this text. While we consider this book to cover the state of the art in each area, it is intended as a text for graduate level students, scientists, and engineers working in the field of medical imaging. It is laced liberally with figures to aid in understanding of the rather advanced subject matter and provides abundant references for the reader seeking additional information on a given subject. Organization We have put together a broad-spectrum text and have tried to incorporate chapters on the major medical imaging techniques. The book is loosely divided into six different parts based on the modality. These consist of (i) optical imaging methods, (ii) x-ray imaging, (iii) ultrasound imaging, (iv) nuclear medicine and hybrid imaging, (v) magnetic resonance imaging, and (vi) software methods for image processing. Within each part, there are further chapters on specific aspects of each technique and in many cases, clinical examples and real-world experiences with these techniques. While we realize that a single text cannot do justice to over 100 years of medical imaging, we hope that we have provided the reader with a snapshot © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ix
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