MEDICAL EMERGENCIES CAUSED BY AQUATIC ANIMALS : a biological and clinical guide to trauma and... envenomation cases.

361 Pages·2021·55.393 MB·English

by  VIDAL HADDAD JUNIOR

Medical
Emergencies Caused
by Aquatic Animals
A Biological and Clinical Guide
to Trauma and Envenomation
Cases
Vidal Haddad Junior
Second Edition
123
Medical Emergencies Caused by
Aquatic Animals
Vidal Haddad Junior
Medical Emergencies
Caused by Aquatic
Animals
A Biological and Clinical Guide
to Trauma and Envenomation Cases
Second Edition
Vidal Haddad Junior
Botucatu Medical School
Sao Paulo State University
Botucatu
São Paulo
Brazil
ISBN 978-3-030-72249-4 ISBN 978-3-030-72250-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72250-0
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any
other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliation.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Dedicated to Adriana, Lorenzo, and Ariadne, gifts that life has
given me.
Foreword
Hubiera sido, pues, excelente ocasión para practicar la obra de caridad más propia
de nuestro tiempo: no publicar libros superfluos.
Ortega y Gasset
Over the past 22 years, the gods have given me the privilege of enjoying
the friendship and companionship of two unique human beings, Rubens
Brando, the “Rubão,” and Vidal Haddad Jr. Both, each in his own way, with
the nobility of character and sovereignty purposes that the ancient Greeks
defined well with the word Arete. Rubão and Vidal: scientists, aristocrats of
the spirit.
Rubens, with his Indians and his inordinate passion for snakes, left us long
ago.
Vidal, with his tenacity and dedication, now rewards us with this text. I
participated in his project from the early stages, when about 20 years ago, he
headed up to the Santa Casa de Ubatuba to ask the staff of that hospital for the
necessary collaboration to develop clinical observations of patients injured
by marine animals.
The doctor Hector P. Froes, in the 1930s, in Bahia State, was the last
Brazilian author to be internationally recognized for his observations on the
venomous fish of Brazil.
The track was redone.
The book presented here, with magnificent iconographic material, por-
trays an experience that was lived with passion, in the day-to-day field work,
on trips, in contact with patients, and in visits to places of where incidents
occurred. It is up to the reader judge it.
This will certainly not be a superfluous book.
São Paulo, Brazil João Luiz Cardoso
vii
Acknowledgments
João Luiz Costa Cardoso
the greatest contributor and supporter of this work
“But who really knows, is not talking around …
Remains quiet, waiting to be asked and generally
solves the problem, since the silence is part of
his wisdom.”
To my parents Vidal and Maria Stella, my siblings William and Cristiane,
my sister and brother-in-law Margareth and Paulo Cezar, and my nephews
Manoel, Luzinete, and Julio Linuesa Peres
Drs. Ricardo Cortes and Afrânio Borsatto
(Santa Casa de Ubatuba, São Paulo State)
Prof. Dr. Edmundo Ferraz Nonato, in memoriam
(Oceanographic Institute of São Paulo)
Dra. Neuza Lima Dillon, in memoriam, and colleagues of the Department
of Dermatology, FMB-UNESP
Prof. Dr. Fabio Lang da Silveira, Prof. André Carrara Morandini, and Prof.
Álvaro Esteves Migotto
(Zoology, IB-USP and Centro de Biologia Marinha, USP, São Sebastião
town)
Prof. Dr. Juan Pedro Lonza Joustra
(Iquique, Chile)
Prof. Itamar Alves Martins
(UNITAU, Taubaté, São Paulo)
Prof. Ivan Sazima (UNICAMP, Museum of Zoology), Prof. Otto Bismarck
Fazzano Gadig (Universidade Estadual Paulista, SP), Prof. José Sabino
(Universidade Anhanguera, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Prof. Jansen Zuanon
(INPA – COBIO – Amazonas)
Prof. Nélson Oliveira Henrique (Orthopedics and Traumatology,
University Hospital Getulio Vargas, Manaus, Amazonas) and Dr. Anoar
Samad (Urology Services of the Portuguese Beneficient Society of Manaus
and Adventist Hospital Manaus)
Dra. Monica Lopes-Ferreira
(Immunopathology Laboratory, Butantan Institute of São Paulo – for the
collaboration and conjunct works)
Prof. Alejandro Solorzano
(National Serpentarium, San Jose, Costa Rica)
Prof. Jorge Luiz da Silva Nunes
ix
x Acknowledgments
(Universidade Federal do Maranhão)
Prof.ª Fernanda Maria Duarte do Amaral
(Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco)
Manoel Francisco de Campos Neto, MD
POLITEC, Cáceres Regional, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Prof. Domingos Garrone Neto,
(Universidade Estadual Paulista, who shares with me an interest in poten-
tially dangerous aquatic animals)
Prof. Joseph W. Burnett (University of Maryland, Baltimore), Prof. John
Williamson, and Prof. Findlay Russell (University of Texas), in memoriam –
for encouragement and support during the phases of this book
To the freshwater and marine fishermen of Brazil, whose information and
wisdom constitute almost all the contents of this book
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Invertebrate Aquatic Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Phylum Porifera (Marine and Freshwater Sponges) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish and Portuguese Man-of-War) . . . . . . . 12
Phylum Echinodermata (Sea Urchins, Starfish,
and Sea Cucumbers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Phylum Annelida (Leeches and Polychetas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Phylum Mollusca (Octopuses and Conus Snails) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Phylum Crustacea (Blue Crabs, Crabs, Shrimps,
Prawns, Barnacles, Lobsters, and Mantis Shrimp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Phylum Insecta (Giant Water Bugs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3 Injuries by Aquatic Vertebrate Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
The Phylum Chordata (Fish and Reptiles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
The Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Marine Stingrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Freshwater Stingrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
The Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Catfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Scorpionfish, Lionfish, and Stonefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
The Family Batrachoididae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
The Family Acanthuridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
The Family Muraenidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
The Family Trachinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Other Venomous Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Traumatogenic Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Reptiles (Turtles, Alligators, Crocodiles, and Snakes) . . . . . . . . . . 251
Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Treatment of Trauma and Envenomations by Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
xi
xii Contents
4 Ingestion of Venomous Aquatic Animals:
Toxinology, Clinical Aspects, and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Envenomations by Pufferfish: Tetrodotoxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Ciguatoxins: Ciguatera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Seafood Paralysis (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning)
and Red Tide: Saxitoxin and Gonyautoxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Brevetoxins: Neurotoxicity by Seafood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Clinical Aspects of NSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Amnesia by Seafood Toxins: Domoic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Diarrhea by Seafood: Okadaic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Poisoning After Consumption of Octopus (Octopus sp.) . . . . . . . . 322
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Scombroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Clupeotoxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Poisonous Sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Poisoning by Other Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Minamata Disease: Mercury Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Poisoning by Marine Turtles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Haff Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333