Medical Biotechnology

109 Pages·2015·2 MB·English

Biyani's Think Tank

Concept based notes
Medical Biotechnology
[B.Sc. Biotech Part-III]
[Paper BT-IV]

Dr. B.L. Sharma
M.Sc., Ph.D
Assoc. Prof.
Revised by: Neha Joshi
Department of Biotechnology
Biyani Girls College, Jaipur

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Medical Biotechnology 2
Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :
Biyani Shikshan Samiti
Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,
Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan)
Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : [phone]
E-mail : [email protected]
Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

ISBN: 978-93-81254-31-1

Edition : 2011
Price :

While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any

mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of

that neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of
any kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.

Leaser Type Setted by :
Biyani College Printing Department

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Medical Biotechnology 3

Preface

I
am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the s-
tudents. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in un-
derstanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory
and adopts the “Teach Yourself” style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The
language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections,
omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the
readers for which the author shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay
Biyani, Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main
concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this
Endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this
Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various
educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the
quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and
suggestions to the under mentioned address.
Note: A feedback form is enclosed along with think tank. Kindly fill the
feedback form and submit it at the time of submitting to books of
library, else NOC from Library will not be given.

Dr. B.L. Sharma

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Medical Biotechnology 4
Syllabus

MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT 703

Note : Question No. 1 shall consisit of wuestions requiring short answers and shall cover
entire paper . The paper is divided into four sections. Student are required to attempt five
questions in all, selecting not more than one question from each section. All question carry
equal marks.
Section -A

General Introduction to Biomedical Engineering. Application of Engineering in medicine,
Electrical Potentials in the human body. Neuromuscular system: neurons, synapases and
muscles, electrical properties of nerves and muscles, problems and diagnostics.
Cardiovascular system : anatomy & physiology of heart, ECG and the cardiac cycle,
problems and solulations to electrical problems in the heart, blood and vascular modeling,
haemodynamics, vascular disease management, Skeletal System (Including Prosthetics).
Biomaterials and Implantable sensors, testing of Biomaterials in vitro and in vivo.

Excretory, system (including Dialysis) : renal anatomy & physiology, the nephron, dialysis
machines & mass transport. Medical Imagining: X-rays, design considerations of X-ray
tubes, medical Image Processing - projections, 3D-2D, sclice identification, CAT, NMR,
MRI,PET/ SPECT. Cellilar engineering and genetic engineering - Ethical consideration in
Medical research.
Section -B

Innate and Acquired Immunity.

Antigens : types of antigen specificty, haptens, antibody structure and functions
MHC, Complement System.

Cell mediated cytotoxicity : Origin, maturation and characterization of TY- lymphocytes,
Monocytes & Macrophages, Mechanisn of T cell and NK cell mediated lysis, ADCC,
macrophage mediated cytotoxicity, lymphokines the product of T cell activation.

Humoral immune response : Origin maturation and characterization of B-lymphocytes,
Activation and proliferation of B- cells, Formation of plasmablast, Plasma cells and memory
cells, Interaction of B and T cells.

Section -C

- Hypersensitivity, Monoclonal antibodies and its applications.
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Medical Biotechnology 5

-Radioimmunoassay, enzyme - linked immunosorbant assay, immunoblotting,
immunofluorescence and flowcytometry.\

- Characteristics of infectious diseases, Herd immunity.

- Disease cycle (Source of disease, reservoir, carriers).

- Transmission of pathogens ( Air Borne. contect transmission and vector transmission) .

Section -D

Bacterial Diseases : Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Laboratory Diagnosis, Prevention &
control of the following diseases : Anthrax, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Whooping cough,
Tetanus, Diphtheria Lerprosy.

General Account of viral & protozoan diseases : Chickenpox, AIDS and Malaria,
Leishmniasis, Brief account of sexually transmitted diseases.

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Medical Biotechnology 6
Content

S.No Section
1 Section -A
2 Section -B
3 Section -C
4 Section -D
5 Unsolved Papers

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Medical Biotechnology 7

Section –A
General Introduction to Biomedical
Engineering & Excretory, system

Q.1 Write short notes on:
Q.1 (a) Synapses
Ans. Neurons communicate across junctions called synapses. A synapse consists of
a swollen end at the nerve fibre called a synaptic knob lying in a close
proximity to the membrane of a dendrite. The synaptic knob contains many
mitochondria and small synaptic vesicles which contain neurotransmitter
responsible for transmission of impulse across the synapse. The membrane of
synaptic knob is thickened and called presynaptic membrane. The membrane
of dendrite is also thickened and called postsynaptic membrane. These
membranes are separated by synaptic cleft. The postsynaptic membrane
contains receptor sites, channels and pores. The two main neurotransmitters
are acetylcholine and noradrenaline. A charge which exists across the cell
surface membranes of all cells is usually negative in a neuron with respect to
outside. The membrane is said to be polarized. Depolarization of the
presynaptic membrane takes place when an impulse arrives at a synaptic
junction. The permeability of the membrane increases for Ca++.

As Ca++ ions enter the synaptic cleft it causes the release of neurotransmitter
from synaptic vesicles present in synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter is
released by the process of exocytosis.The neurotransmitter diffuses across the
synaptic cleft and gets attached to the receptors present on the membrane of
the dendrite of next neuron. A cytoplasm in the axon, axoplasm, has high
concentration of Na+ and K+ ions.

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Medical Biotechnology 8

Transmission of an impulse at a synapse

This results in ionic flow through channels. The Na+ ions enter the dendrite
while K+ ions leave the dendrite. This causes depolarization of postsynaptic
membrane and initiates a new action potential.
The new action potential passes impulse along new neuron.

Q.1 (b) Blood and vascular model and remodeling
Ans. Blood is the fluid medium for transport in animals.
Blood consists of two constituents:
1. Plasma, and
2. Blood cells.
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Medical Biotechnology 9

Plasma:
Plasma is a straw-coloured fluid containing 90 per cent water, 7 per cent plasma
proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen) and 3 per cent nutrients (glucose, amino
acids, fatty acids), inorganic salts (Na, K, Ca, Mg), organic compounds (enzymes,
hormones, antibodies, heparin), gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen) and wastes
(urea, uric acid).

Blood cells:
Blood cells are of three types:
1. RBC or erythrocyte: Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
2. WBC or leucocyte: Engulfs bacteria, Allergic responses and anti-histamine
properties. Produces histamine and heparin.
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Medical Biotechnology 10
3. Platelet or thrombocyte: Blood clotting

Major cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis
have a strong structural component. These structural alterations have detrimental
hemodynamic consequences through their effects on the mechanical properties of
the vessel wall. For instance, resistance artery remodeling contributes to elevated
peripheral resistance in essential hypertension, conduit artery fibrosis contributes to
systolic hypertension in the elderly, and inadequate expansion of the intact media
beneath an arterial lesion contributes to the formation of a flow limiting stenosis.

That vascular structural changes adversely affect hemodynamics is in sharp contrast
to the remarkable capacity of especially muscular arteries of healthy young
individuals to adjust their lumen diameter and wall mass in response to acute and
chronic changes in blood flow and blood pressure. This adaptive and compensatory
remodeling operates during the entire development and maturation of the vascular
system, and can be observed in selected situations in the adult such as the female
reproductive system and the establishment of collateral circulations. It has been
proposed that the endothelium is the main shearsensor and that the cytoskeleton
plays in general a key role in biological responses to mechanical factors.

Manipulation of vascular remodeling with the aim to improve cardiovascular
function in cardiovascular diseases, requires detailed knowledge of the
(ultra)structural basis of vessel wall mechanics, of the transition from acute
vasomotor to chronic vascular structural responses, and of the signaling and
paracrine mechanisms that can modulate the preexisting structure. Comparative
studies of large conduit arteries, small muscular arteries and arterioles and attention
for the endothelium, may be helpful in this respect.

Q.1 (c) Haemodynamics
Ans. Haemodynamics is the branch of science that describes how blood flows. The
physical principles of haemodynamics is a specific example of the general
principles of fluid dynamics and the equations of blood flow and general
fluid flow are identical. Blood is a liquid tissue: it has both physical and
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