Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective: Fifth Edition PDF
Preview Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective: Fifth Edition
0813343846-text.qxd:Layout 1 11/20/08 11:30 AM Page i Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective 0813343846-text.qxd:Layout 1 11/20/08 11:30 AM Page ii This page intentionally left blank 0813343846-text.qxd:Layout 1 11/20/08 11:30 AM Page iii Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective FIFTH EDITION f Ann McElroy Patricia K. Townsend University at Buffalo with contributions by Pamela I. Erickson, University of Connecticut David A. Himmelgreen, University of South Florida Richard V. Lee, University at Buffalo Nancy Romero-Daza, University of South Florida Linda Whiteford, University of South Florida John P. Ziker, Boise State University A Member of the Perseus Books Group 0813343846-text.qxd:Layout 1 11/20/08 11:30 AM Page iv Copyright © 2009 by Westview Press Published by Westview Press, A Member of the Perseus Books Group Every effort has been made to secure required permissions to use all images, maps, and other art included in this volume. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Westview Press, 2465 Central Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301. Find us on the World Wide Web at www.westviewpress.com. Westview Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail [email protected]. Designed by Trish Wilkinson Set in 11-point Adobe Garamond by the Perseus Books Group A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN-13: 978-0-8133-4384-6 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0813343846-text.qxd:Layout 1 11/20/08 11:30 AM Page v To Roger and Alison 0813343846-text.qxd:Layout 1 11/20/08 11:30 AM Page vi f OVERVIEW OF CONTENTS List of Profiles xiii About the Authors and Contributors xv Preface xvii Chapter One The Ecology of Health and Disease 1 Chapter Two Interdisciplinary Research in Health Problems 33 Chapter Three Genes, Culture, and Adaptation 81 Chapter Four Changing Patterns of Disease and Health 131 Chapter Five The Ecology and Economics of Nutrition 169 Chapter Six Culture, Ecology, and Reproduction 217 Chapter Seven Stress, Illness, and Healing 267 Chapter Eight Health Resources in Changing Cultures 311 Chapter Nine Costs and Benefits of Development 359 Chapter Ten Medical Anthropologists at Work: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty-first Century 409 Appendix: Projects in Medical Anthropology 429 References Cited 433 Index 483 vi 0813343846-text.qxd:Layout 1 11/20/08 11:30 AM Page vii f CONTENTS List of Profiles xiii About the Authors and Contributors xv Preface to the Fifth Edition xvii Chapter One The Ecology of Health and Disease 1 Preview 2 Studying Nepali Children: An Example of Medical Anthropology 2 Environment, Culture, and Health 7 f Profile: Arctic Adaptations 16 A Working Model of Ecology and Health 28 Resources 31 Chapter Two Interdisciplinary Research in Health Problems 33 Preview 34 The Nature of Collaboration 34 Bio-Environmental Data 37 f Profile: Cannibal Mourners 42 Clinical Data 46 Epidemiological Data 49 Social and Cultural Data 53 Becoming a Medical Anthropologist 62 vii 0813343846-text.qxd:Layout 1 11/20/08 11:30 AM Page viii viii Contents f Profile: Learning Field Methods in Costa Rica, Nancy Romero-Daza and David A. Himmelgreen 63 Fieldwork Ethics 69 Medical Anthropology at Work 72 Conclusions 79 Resources 80 Chapter Three Genes, Culture, and Adaptation 81 Preview 82 Human Variability and Adaptation 82 Adaptation Through Biological Evolution 85 Skin Color and Adaptation 91 Evolution and Human Immune Systems 92 f Profile: Malaria and Agriculture 96 Evolution and Medicine 100 Physiological and Developmental Adaptation 103 Cultural Adaptation 108 Direct Medical Control Strategies 110 Variability and Change in Cultural Systems 113 Studying Adaptation 115 f Profile: Local Differences in Iodine Deficiency Goiter in the Western Himalaya, Richard V. Lee 118 Studying Adaptation to Illness and Disability 124 Conclusions 127 Resources 128 Chapter Four Changing Patterns of Disease and Health 131 Preview 132 Culture as Environment 133 The Study of Population 134 f Profile: Infant Survival in a Papua New Guinea Society 136 0813343846-text.qxd:Layout 1 11/20/08 11:30 AM Page ix Contents ix Life and Death in Hunter-Gatherer Camps and Farming Villages 143 Paleopathology: The Study of Disease in Prehistory 148 Life and Death in the Preindustrial City 152 f Profile: The Black Death 153 Life and Death in Industrial Society 157 Conclusions 166 Resources 167 Chapter Five The Ecology and Economics of Nutrition 169 Preview 170 Human Foodways and Nutritional Needs 170 Subsistence by Hunting and Gathering 173 Nutrition in Prehistory 177 f Profile: Dry Bones: Health in Southwestern Prehistory 180 Subsistence in the Humid Tropics 183 Agriculture 186 f Profile: Famine in Ethiopia 193 Industrial Agriculture 198 The Global Epidemic of Malnutrition 201 Breast or Bottle 206 The Anthropology of Food and Cooking 209 All That Goes in the Mouth Is Not Food 212 Conclusions 214 Resources 214 Chapter Six Culture, Ecology, and Reproduction 217 Preview 218 Three Birth Stories 218 Well-Being in Pregnancy: Biological and Social Factors 224
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