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Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations (Peacekeeping) PDF

307 Pages·1998·3.843 MB·English
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MEDIATING IN CYPRUS THE CASS SERIES ON PEACEKEEPING ISSN 1367-9880 General Editor: Michael Pugh This series examines all aspects of peacekeeping, from the political, operational and legal dimensions to the developmental and humanitarian issues that must be dealt with by all those involved with peacekeeping in the world today. 1. Beyond the Emergency: Development within UN Peace Missions edited by Jeremy Ginifer 2. The UN, Peace and Force edited by Michael Pugh 3. Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations by Oliver P. Richmond 4. Peacekeeping and the UN Specialized Agencies edited by Jim Whitman Mediating in Cyprus The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations OLIVER P. RICHMOND FRANK CASS LONDON (cid:127) PORTLAND, OR First Published in 1998 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and in the United States of America by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 Transferred to Digital Printing 2006 Webs te http://www.frankcass.com Copyright © 1998 Oliver P. Richmond British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: Richmond, Oliver P. Mediating in Cyprus: the Cypriot communities and the United Nations. — (Cass series on peacekeeping; no. 3) 1. United Nations 2. Conflict management — Cyprus 3. Conflict management — Cyprus — History I. Title 327.1'7'095693 ISBN 0-7146-4877 9 (cloth) ISBN 0-7146-4431 5 (paper) ISSN 1367 9880 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Richmond, Oliver P. Mediating in Cyprus: the Cypriot communities and the United Nations / Oliver P. Richmond. p. (cid:9)cm. — (Cass series on peacekeeping, ISSN 1367-9880; no. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7146-4877-9 (cloth). — ISBN 0-7146-4431-5 (pbk.) 1. United Nations—Cyprus. 2. Mediation, International. 3. Cyprus—History—Cyprus Crisis, 1963. I. Title. II. Series. JZ4997.5.C93R53 1998 341.23'5693—dc21 (cid:9) 98-11818 CIP All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher of this book. Typeset by Regent Typesetting, London Contents Acknowledgements (cid:9) ix Preface(cid:9) xi Introduction (cid:9) xv Defining the Cyprus Problem (cid:9) xv Defining the Views of Cypriot Political Parties (cid:9) xvii Explaining UN Involvement in Cyprus (cid:9) xviii The Role of UNFICYP (cid:9) xxiii The Disputants' Views, Peacemaking and the UN (cid:9) xxiv Defining the Book (cid:9) xxvii PART I: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (cid:9) 1. A Survey of Theoretical Approaches to Peacemaking 3 Introduction (cid:9) 3 Negotiation (cid:9) 7 International Mediation (cid:9) 9 Mediation, Power, Legitimacy and the Conflict Environment (cid:9)10 Initiation of the Mediation Process (cid:9) 12 Impartiality (cid:9) 15 The Process of Mediation (cid:9) 17 The UN, Good Offices and Mediation (cid:9) 25 Conclusion (cid:9) 31 2. The Disputants' View of International Mediation (cid:9)37 Introduction (cid:9) 37 The Basis for the Framework (cid:9) 39 The Balance of Power, Legality, Initiation and Potential Roles for the Third Party (cid:9) 43 vi (cid:9) Mediating in Cyprus The Third Party's Past Record, Objectives, and Resources (cid:9)48 Perceptions of What the Third Party May Achieve (cid:9) 50 The Methods Used (cid:9) 52 The Third Party's Objectivity and Tendency towards Bias (cid:9)54 Theory in Practice: Applications to the Case Study (cid:9) 59 PART II: THE ROOTS OF THE CONFLICT (cid:9) 3. The Historical Background to the Cyprus Problem 67 (cid:9) Introduction 67 The British Period: Divide et Impera 1878-1960 (cid:9) 68 Events Leading Up to Independence 1950-60 (cid:9) 71 1960-63: An Uneasy Peace (cid:9) 75 December 1963: Constitutional Changes and the Outbreak of Violence (cid:9) 77 Conclusion (cid:9) 81 PART III: THE VIEWS OF THE MEDIATED UPON IN THE CYPRUS CONFLICT 4. Establishing the Status Quo and the Formation of the Two Communities' Views of UN Involvement in Peacemaking in Cyprus 1964-74 (cid:9) 87 Introduction (cid:9) 87 1954-60: From British Colony to UN Member State (cid:9) 88 1963-67: The Shaping of the Status Quo and the Development of the Disputants' Views of UN Peacemaking (cid:9) 90 Resolution 186: The Relationship between Peacekeeping and Peacemaking (cid:9) 90 The First Phase of Mediation and Reactions to the Galo Plaza Report (cid:9) 100 The Establishment of the Second Phase of the Peacemaking Operation: Minimal Involvement (cid:9) 106 1968-73: The Intercommunal Talks and a Deceptive Calm (cid:9)109 1974: The United Nations in Disarray (cid:9) 115 The Second Wave of Turkish Troops and a Reassessment of the Parties' Views of the Mediator (cid:9) 118 Conclusion: The Implications of the Disputants' Views (cid:9)121 Contents (cid:9) vii 5. A Reversal of Fortunes: The Two Communities' Views of UN Involvement in Peacemaking in Cyprus 1975-83 132 Introduction (cid:9) 132 1975-79: The Emergence of the Disputants' Negotiating Positions (cid:9) 134 The Vienna Talks: Avoiding Blame (cid:9) 139 A Preliminary Framework and Further Negotiations (cid:9) 147 1977: The First High-Level Agreement (cid:9) 147 1979: The Second High-Level Agreement: Delaying Tactics (cid:9)153 1980 83: Deadlock and Disillusionment (cid:9) 157 - Events Leading to the Turkish Cypriot Unilateral Declaration of Independence (cid:9) 162 Conclusion: The Implications of the Disputants' Views (cid:9)168 6. Political Dominance versus Military Superiority: The Two Communities' Views of UN Involvement in Peacemaking in Cyprus, 1984 to 1994 (cid:9) 177 Introduction (cid:9) 177 1984-86: Renewed Impetus: A Move towards Positive Views of the Mediator (cid:9) 178 More Positive Views, Decisive Secretary-General Involvement and the Failure of the Draft Agreements (cid:9) 182 1988 94: A Change of Focus: The Set of Ideas, - Confidence-building measures and Vassilou's New Approach (cid:9)192 A Return to the Old Game: Clerides's Presidency (cid:9) 204 Recent Developments and Current Prospects (cid:9) 209 Conclusion: The Implications of the Disputants' Views (cid:9)215 Conclusion. An Appraisal of the Disputants' Views: UN Peacemaking in Cyprus (cid:9) 226 Summary (cid:9) 226 Lessons from the Cyprus Case: The Significance of the Disputants' Views (cid:9) 232 The Disputants' Views: the Search for a Solution or Devious Objectives? (cid:9) 239 A Framework for Cooperation (cid:9) 244 viii (cid:9) Mediating in Cyprus Appendix 1. The Zurich—London Agreements, 11 February 1959 251 Appendix 2. Makarios's Thirteen Points of 1963 253 Appendix 3. UN Security Council Resolution 186 of 4 March 1964 254 (cid:9) Appendix 4. UN General Assembly Resolution 3212, 1974 256 (cid:9) Appendix 5. High-Level Agreement, 12 February 1977 258 (cid:9) Appendix 6. The Ten-Point Agreement, 19 May 1979 259 Appendix 7. UN Security Council Resolution 541, 18 November 1983 260 Appendix 8. Confidence-Building Measures, 25 November 1992 262 (cid:9) Bibliography 263 (cid:9) 1.Books and Articles 263 (cid:9) 2.Primary Sources 273 (cid:9) 3.News Sources 274 (cid:9) 4.Interviews, Correspondence and Private Conversations 275 Index (cid:9) 279 Acknowledgements This book has benefited from a wide range of input, from friends, colleagues, and many other writers, most of who are named in the biblio- graphy. Professor AJR Groom, Dr Keith Webb, Dr Andy Williams at the University of Kent, and Dr Stephan Ryan at Magee College, University of Ulster, have also contributed to the formulation and development of this work. I also owe a great deal to all those anonymous authors of the many official documents I have consulted. I would also like to thank all those in Cyprus, on both sides of the ignominious green-line, and those who are working on related issues who have contributed their time, ideas, informa- tion and comments, whether intentionally or not. All errors are, of course, my own responsibility. Not least, I would like to thank Myria for her contributions and support throughout the long and often tortuous process of piecing this book together.

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.