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Media & Culture 2016 Update: Mass Communication in a Digital Age PDF

684 Pages·2016·31.2 MB·English
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Preview Media & Culture 2016 Update: Mass Communication in a Digital Age

See what’s new in the 2016 update. Media & Culture will enhance your understanding of where the digital turn has taken us—and where media is headed in the future. SOUNDS AND IMAGES New coverage of important 4 developments in mass media Sound Recording including social TV viewing, online and Popular Music hacktivism and harassment, Taylor 1TS1ho5eu nDde vReelcooprmdienngt of Tptoah yecloonrmo mSpweetnifeto nhw atisthh ab the etchro eims onen’ tls yeu vacerhtn isa ht m uinmu tsahince-: i wnItd’osur lEsdtl srayab ,l e Swift taking on Apple Music, the 2016 1Ut1AR Pho22e .eCSpf29o h.uF rPaolmaonrrmpag Mtuianilotuaginrso I sinnMc i dnouu fs siRtcro yac:nk d tshU1Fhar9enoen8riz tg9chee aendterhe dtsSeolgsot os,iaun nmStnge wid acsotse irufihnta tp c sh2rtktihi0ni.tl e 1lcN“ 4he3Lo,as.e 5dwsot7 ttfiIht htrmh oeeG mrhi loNlaei .”orDort n.iEi3 ss 1.cvtn6 oeawe6pnly-bai m’ewsuss miFile tlsrihv oooie nnzElnd e-lts s nhcoea,elfl o l w oitsnhnehge ;o presidential race, net neutrality laws, 1TS1SFDrh34ooeee64uume nn BoEdducx rsRRpaieerncecceysoossrrsiddo oiinnnf, gg a, nd trsStbhehaeinelelesec tanase-sgs e oeheexf elt Ilo-1inrbn. f 2dig tgsh e mgisexbeitn uieLlslgtitoe oe rnnrnere-e, ls leilSenoyawa ns2Hsgei0efowt 1 o uw4hrfri.,a ta1 Teswsa r ybshSle—ioaccrmh noS o rmSwet maeiofc tnoih tilnheny’ed s o2 osaf0 fml0tb ht6uahe,mse ah t and more, along with fully updated past decade but of all time, transitioning from a charts, graphs, and statistics. country-based artist to a top pop-chart star. Her songs often tell personal stories and have gained a stronger feminist perspective over time, exempli- fied in such hits as “Love Story,” “You Belong with Me,” “Fifteen,” “We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together,” “I Knew You Were Trouble,” “Shake It Off,” “Blank Space,” and “Bad Blood.” Jun Sato/Getty Images for TS CHAPTER 4 • Sound RECoRding And PoPulAR MuSiC 113 An all-new Extended Case Study DAENMD OTHCER AMTAICS ESX MPERDESIASION examines the media’s role in covering police violence through the book’s Extended Case Study trademark five-step critical process— Mobile Video Reveals Police Brutality and Racism arpesolkasitinnioggn scstrhuitidpice awnl-tittshh it nothk eeinx gma mqeudineiaes twtihoheniilsre tohwant 5S5S5S5S5S77777ttttteeeee41223ppppp 12345::::: ADIEEnvnnetagaeslclaruyprgaisrpeteistmitoiaonetnniotn IyBCWcwbtP pfheoror aaouyeoiavllrsiotut toercivcaesmullirdiolinc—ec int hnogttdcay iasru tme ; eivbh aisprnC,ecytes r ;aalM ir esbnooN pindvieefsnauele iweysrfmgbwlfy nasilbtscilan h ac Y efuanodn eoo anlyua dt lrnaldU kwot;jcnd o l,wneNpa ad bNistwrrtoi s.oneeeCe r oOtg sdwtaieornh n fksoefS cf Yd Citfvcitucosn aehoboenr ntinkanrnrndeaus;trc e stslst Faeeia ar ,oenaso rrlgOcninrdetftgoir syd ahteeoun h liawa tlobs,emshb to;lSee i eorgpneMwroi useae,dfu ataksh dM i tbacdt peh e —lttiiafor o ssveetclos ehyiw,kco nora.aey u,tul lr i; day. But in instances where police put certain mem- bers of the public at risk, that obligation is not met. The accompanying instinct of police officers to pro- can be used throughout their lives. tect themselves at the expense of the public can be a sign of institutional racism, and African Americans are inordinately victims of such police violence. Unfortunately, this is an old and persistent issue. In 1968, after racial uprisings in Newark, Detroit, and more than one hundred other cities in the PLahnil dPoevterson/Barcroft Media/ yReeapro brte foofr teh, et hNea fteiodnearla Al gdovviseorrnym Ceonmt rmeliessaisoend the LaunchPad EXTENDED CASE STUDY 569 macmillanhighered.com /mediaculture10eupdate Breaking Barriers with 12 Years a Slave Visit LaunchPad to view a LaunchPad for Media & Culture is Bedford/St. Martin’s short clip from the oscar- winning movie from director learning platform that merges and converges print and the Web Steve mcQueen. Discussion: How do you think 12 Years a Slave differs with video clips, interviews, discussion questions, activities, and from previous depictions of black history in America? LearningCurve adaptive quizzing for each chapter. Part-opening infographics ParT 1 Digital Media and FROM MEDIUM TO MASS MEDIA Convergence TIME IT TOOK TO REACH 50 MILLION USERS showcase enlightening statistics Think about the main media technologies in your life when about how we use digital media as you were growing up. How did you watch TV shows, listen RADIO TV INTERNET FACEBOOK DRAW SOMETHING APP to music, or read books? How did you communicate with friends? Brad Fleet/Newspix/Getty Images2003N; oFwac ceobnosoidk ewr athsi sb:o Arnp pinle 2 b0e0g4a, nb uste wllinags monulys ioc ptehnroeudg tho iTthuen efus lli n 38 13 4 3.5 50 well as the connections between public in 2006; smartphones debuted in 2007; Hulu and Netflix launched their streaming video services in 2008; the iPad was introduced in 2010; YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS DAYS Apple’s Siri first spoke in 2011; and the Apple Watch was released in 2e0a1ch5 .t Iynp ea loitft lme eodveiar wfifates ecno nyesuarms,e wd es ehpaavrea tmeloyv aendd f rino mits a o wwonr lddi sinti nwcht ich HOW TIME IS SPENT ON SMARTPHONES MEDIA CONSUMPTION: 7 HOURS OF 24 HOURS TOTAL the media industries. 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Wenicthe tthoe csoen cvheargnegnecse, . 2PR%OD U C TIVITY Wgtsepexhantcic,l eeep heaoolnfe tdctoh tbsre,oe anI neuictade smiroinly,ee vdsti hidaaaes hro eaa,d vma.e nT abdhse isisne mtnceo earnardvocieutuirmvngede t gnfhoacarmet a ahe llasloos—nw gbte eotdei mc nao ennh, va aietpr rrpwageyea ns oii nnft ghmo ense ieedn micae—e r- 3GA2M%ES updated to reflect the most recent tEmThhveeee n re-dtgaaigrrlolliyytwa c1li h9ntua9grn0 ndgs oeh, wdabs unt htlmo emaa dwdo erase ypu srese e icmnde swon rathelnyi cfd rhw am gwem oehr aeeavn cpetceo eedrsxt—aspb ebalreunie tdd n aecclsvoeoincd se mtushom ehr eaedv cimego iefntudanniela dct.au te-rnd.. 2N1FAE8%CW%E SBO O K data, trends, and developments in the Wswlisioitetenh mn sferhiigdeoh nwttod ,n. s bMo—ut taab sFnesad ac msbetlebreado ntioaogk ae carroensu d—mn Ttawo onrinedtt eoitnerut lrhel tagfhrvrieaeetmn emdd swa idnaheltalo twi t ow aeutearcs hwliievinaerg tsfc o ththrhe euad sn,s arteeomva ecedro , t nbaenenleefdovc rit-e . 6O8UTT%%IHLEI TRY M1O.B8ILE 1T.V5 CO1MP.U6TER O2TH.E1R world of the media. 37 DIGITaL JOB Media Professionals OUTLOOk Speak about Internet Jobs Digital Job Outlook boxes in Eric Bonzer, Gina Bianchini, CEO, Visual Designer ad for Uber, each media industry chapter WYoeub’l lD weasnigt nteor ,l eSaprnin HutTeMchl and MIf Ziguhctkyebrbeellrg, the Google guys, and NYoeuw a Yreo r.k . O.ffice feature advice and wisdom from kswanclserooaaw tvlcee hhar.,or nAnw onh tdto ou wt shw ietnronigt e wtdh irrteie t feacro mStmhS-a —t BStHetielrele vdGveiiadd Jtneeo’ntsb c ssaet rum etdo aty hyt che boe pem ca trpthetueeatr tenbior ec nssr ctem iaceytonotuchrnse. ,- • toAiof tunetsnil i.ttoy cpulasyteorm. Yeoru i’sresu wesill ienagr ltyo, lfainted, raensdo lu- from scratch. certainly the during his brief time at reed col- • Cool and calm under pressure. You have media professionals about what Abudto fboer cthree amtivoes tS puaitret iits’s g rreeaaltly, lceogdein. gH.e I ndsidtena’td n, eheed r etole bnetl easns layc aen adt sgurepaetr ifoorl loowrg-athnrizoautgiohn oaln s tkaisllsk,s .in Ytoeug rditoyn, ’at nd knowing how to write that passionately focused on products. get overwhelmed easily . . . tons of design stuff from scratch. He marketed. He sold. He inspired. requests from the community and Opera- employers are looking for in He challenged. He succeeded. He tions teams? No prob! the fields of gaming, television, fstearunuilcteerc edcep.h eHradereena deckt ueaerpgr tiians git ntioch. isTne hg oce.fo Tsaneh ss eauunrmce, c heteehrs e Isn f-ul •• GoFunran tc.h Yeeof uupl’h.r Yeoo naue c,a haraenr diss eemllfoa-aqtwiuce apnreeto ,i npw leee -lpml-seaprisolsok.ne n ternet space. And there is nothing who can talk to anyone; you’re flexible, stopping women from performing fearless, and excited to help build some- advertising, PR, and more. just as well as men. thing awesome and share it with the world. alexa andrzejewski, Ux Designer and Founding • Motivated. You’re ready to hit the ground CEO of Foodspotting running; you are slightly obsessive- Skeheapre i ty toou ry oiduersae wlf itsho annoy oonnee wwhillo s wteiall l liist.t Tehne. T thruetrhe iiss, afi ntedminpgt saotimone toon e cfoorm thpeu ltseivaem a.bout grinding away at projects with the time and money to do it better and faster than you is so rare, and the value of sharing your idea is so much more. I shared the idea when I first had it, and I felt validated and motivated to pursue it. The critical and cultural perspective illustrates how the mass media and our shared culture fit together, addressing digital-age convergence and media literacy. For more information about Media & Culture, Tenth Edition, 2016 Update, please visit macmillanhighered.com/mediaculture10eupdate. Praise for The updated material in each edition makes the thought-provoking Media & text relevant and offers plenty of resources for students considering a Culture communications- related career. ARNOLD MACKOWIAK, EASTERN MICHIgAN UNIVERSITY Excellent and well- researched materials, excellent writing, and strong ideas for stimulat- ing critical thinking for The text consistently students. reminds us of the strands that weave their way DAVID BRADFORD, through the material— EASTERN FLORIDA STATE regularly pointing out how COLLEgE all of the information is intimately connected. MARCIA LADENDORFF, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA I think the Campbell text is out- standing. It is a long-overdue media text that is grounded in pressing questions about American It is simply the best intro culture and its connection to the to mass communication techniques and institutions of book available. commercial communication. It is, indeed, an important book. At the MATTHEW CECIL, undergraduate level, that’s saying SOUTH DAKOTA STATE something. UNIVERSITY STEVE M. BARKIN, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND Media & Culture respects students’ opinions, while challenging them to take more responsibility and to be accountable for their media choices. This text is essential for professors who are truly committed to teaching students how to understand the media. DREW jACOBS, CAMDEN COUNTY COLLEgE The critical perspective has enlightened the perspective of all of us who study media, and Campbell has the power I will switch to Campbell because to infect students with his it is a tour de force of cover- love of the subject. age and interpretation, it is the best survey text in the field ROGER DESMOND, hands down, and it challenges UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD students. Campbell’s text is the most thorough and complete in the field. . . . No other text is even close. RUSSELL BARCLAY, QUINNIPIAC UNIVERSITY I love Media & Culture! I have used it since the first edition. Media & Culture integrates the history of a particular medium or media concept with the culture, economics, and the techno- The feature boxes logical advances of the time. But are excellent and are more than that, the authors are indispensable to any explicit in their philosophy that classroom. media and culture cannot be separated. MARVIN WILLIAMS, KINgSBOROUgH DEBORAH LARSON, COMMUNITY COLLEgE MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY © Bettman/Corbis this page left intentionally blank Media & Culture Mass Communication in a Digital Age Tenth Edition 2016 Update Richard Campbell Miami University Christopher R. Martin University of Northern Iowa Bettina Fabos University of Northern Iowa Boston New York “WE ARE NOT ALONE.” For my family—Chris, Caitlin, and Dianna “YOU MAY SAY I’M A DREAMER, BUT I’M NOT THE ONLY ONE.” For our daughers—Olivia and Sabine For Bedford/St. Martin’s Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Higher Education Humanities: Edwin Hill Publisher for Communication: Erika Gutierrez Senior Developmental Editor: Jesse Hassenger Senior Production Editor: Jessica Gould Media Producer: Sarah O’Connor Senior Production Supervisor: Jennifer Wetzel Marketing Manager: Kayti Corfield Copy Editor: Jamie Thaman Photo Researcher: Sue McDermott Barlow Director of Rights and Permissions: Hilary Newman Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik Text Design: TODA (The Office of Design and Architecture) Cover Design: Billy Boardman Cover Art: The High Line public park, NYC, Section 2 © Claire Takacs/Getty Images; Blue Cubes © mareandmare/Getty Images; 3D Architecture Abstract © nadla/Getty Images Composition: Cenveo Publisher Services Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley and Sons Copyright © 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin’s All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America 0 9 8 7 6 5 f e d c b a For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000) ISBN 978-1-4576-6874-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-1-319-05952-1 (Loose-leaf Edition) Acknowledgments Text acknowledgments and copyrights appear at the back of the book on page C-1, which constitute an extension of the copyright page. Art acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page as the art selections they cover. It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever without the written permission of the copyright holder. About the Authors Richard Campbell, Chair of the Department of Media, Journalism and Film at Miami University, is the author of “60 Minutes” and the News: A Mythology for Middle America (1991) and coauthor of Cracked Coverage: Television News, the Anti-Cocaine Crusade, and the Reagan Legacy (1994). Campbell has written for numerous publications, including Columbia Journalism Review, Journal of Communication, and Media Studies Journal, and he is on the editorial boards of Critical Studies in Mass Communication and Television Quarterly. He also serves on the board of directors for Cincinnati Public Radio. He holds a Ph.D. from Northwestern University and has also taught at the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Mount Mary College, the University of Michigan, and Middle Tennessee State University. Christopher R. Martin is Professor and Head of the Depart- ment of Communication Studies at the University of Northern Iowa and author of Framed! Labor and the Corporate Media (2003). He has written articles and reviews on journalism, televised sports, the Internet, and labor for several publica- tions, including Communication Research, Journal of Communi- cation, Journal of Communication Inquiry, Labor Studies Journal, Culture, Sport, and Society, and Perspectives on Politics. He is also on the editorial board of the Journal of Communication Inquiry. Martin holds a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and has also taught at Miami University. Bettina Fabos, an award-winning video maker and former print reporter, is an associate professor of visual communica- tion and interactive digital studies at the University of Northern Iowa. She is the author of Wrong Turn on the Information Superhighway: Education and the Commercialized Internet (2004). Her areas of expertise include critical media literacy, Internet commercialization, the role of the Internet in education, and me- dia representations of popular culture. Her work has been published in Library Trends, Review of Educational Research, and Harvard Educational Review. She is also a recipient of Fulbright and Spencer Fellowships. Fabos has taught at Miami University and has a Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. Brief Contents 1 Mass Communication: A Critical Approach 3 DigitAl MeDiA AnD ConvergenCe 2 the internet, Digital Media, and Media Convergence 39 3 Digital gaming and the Media Playground 73 SounDS AnD iMAgeS 4 Sound recording and Popular Music 113 5 Popular radio and the origins of Broadcasting 149 6 television and Cable: the Power of visual Culture 187 7 Movies and the impact of images 231 WorDS AnD PiCtureS 8 newspapers: the rise and Decline of Modern Journalism 269 9 Magazines in the Age of Specialization 309 10 Books and the Power of Print 341 the BuSineSS of MASS MeDiA 11 Advertising and Commercial Culture 375 12 Public relations and framing the Message 413 13 Media economics and the global Marketplace 443 DeMoCrAtiC exPreSSion AnD the MASS MeDiA 14 the Culture of Journalism: values, ethics, and Democracy 477 15 Media effects and Cultural Approaches to research 511 16 legal Controls and freedom of expression 537 extended Case Study: Mobile video reveals Police Brutality and racism 569 iv

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.