Mechanization for Rural Development - Food and Agriculture

366 Pages·2013·3.78 MB·English

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Mechanization for Rural Development: A review of patterns and progress from around the world 20 Integrated Crop Management V ol. 20–2013
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ISBN 978-92-5-107605-7 ISSN 1020-4555 ld
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Integrated Crop Management Vol. 20-2013
Mechanization for Rural
Development:
A review of patterns and progress
from around the world
Editors
Josef Kienzle1, John E. Ashburner2, Brian G. Sims3
1 Agricultural Engineer (Mechanization and Institutions)
Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO, Rome
2 FAO Rural Engineering Consultant
3 FAO Farm Mechanization Consultant
PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION DIVISION
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 2013
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this
information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city
or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or
boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers,
whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have
been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar
nature that are not mentioned.
The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and
do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
ISBN 978-92-5-107605-7 (print)
E-ISBN 978-92-5-107606-4 (PDF)
© FAO 2013
FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD
Agricultural mechanization is a crucial input to agricultural crop production.
It is frequently very capital intensive, compared to other (usually annual)
inputs and it has repercussions on the efficiency of all other inputs used in
crop production, including seeds, fertilizer, water, and time/labour. It is also
much more complex in its application, requiring not only correct use, but
also a service infrastructure for maintenance and repair. For this reason it
is essential for FAO’s Plant Production and Protection Division (AGP) to
embrace the agricultural mechanization sector in the context of Sustainable
Crop Production Intensification.
Whilst agricultural mechanization is indispensible for production, it
can also have very detrimental effects on the environmental sustainability
of farming (soil compaction and erosion, tillage, chemical pollution).
However if the correct technologies are applied, for example: climate smart
agriculture such as conservation agriculture; safe and efficient application of
pesticides; precision application of fertilizers; soil compaction management;
efficient harvesting; and natural resource conservation, then sustainable
intensification can ensue.
The services provided to member countries will include the policies and
infrastructures required by them to establish or expand their capacities to
facilitate environmentally friendly mechanization in a socio-economically
sustainable way. This includes roles for cooperatives, for the public sector,
as well as for the commercial private sector, from financing and operational
arrangements for the use of agricultural mechanization, to training in the
use of machines, their maintenance and the related commercial supply
infrastructure for sales, and after sales services.
This publication presents a kaleidoscopic view of agricultural
mechanization experiences from around the globe and, as such, provides
a solid launching pad for the promotion of sustainable mechanization
technologies that are so vital if we are to feed, with due regard to the
planet’s natural capital, the burgeoning world population both now and
into the future.
Clayton Campanhola
Director
Plant Production and Protection Division
Vol. 20–2013 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This compilation of agricultural mechanization experiences from around
the world is the culmination of an activity initiated by Geoffrey C. Mrema
when he was Director of the Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries
Division (AGS) of FAO. The papers that became the 16 Chapters were
commissioned by FAO and have been subjected to initial edition and
revision by a team of editors including: John E. Ashburner, Reynaldo
Lantin, Josef Kienzle, Brian G. Sims, Geoffrey C. Mrema, Divine Njie
and Lawrence J. Clarke. Dmitry Prikhodko of FAO’s Investment Centre
Division contributed useful comments, especially on Chapter 9. Final
editing of the complete set was undertaken by Brian G. Sims in August and
September 2012. Magda Morales formatted the document for printing and
we express our appreciation of her efforts. Proof reading was undertaken
by John E. Ashburner and Brian Jackson.
Vol. 20–2013 v

CONTENTS
iii
Foreword
v
Acknowledgements
xviii
Abbreviations and Acronyms
xxiii
Summary
CHAPTER 1
1 Investing in agricultural mechanization for development in East
Africa
1 1.1 Introduction
2 1.2 Overview of agricultural sector in East Africa
3 1.3 General history and status of adoption of agricultural
mechanization in East Africa
10 1.4 Conclusions: Key factors that have facilitated or hindered
agricultural mechanization in East Africa
11 1.5 Recommendations
12 1.6 References
CHAPTER 2
15 Agricultural mechanization in Southern African countries
15 2.1 Introduction
17 2.2 Overview: Status of agricultural mechanization in the
Southern African region
38 2.3 Challenges trends and opportunities
40 2.4 Possible areas for intervention and investment for sustainable
agricultural mechanization and agro-business
42 2.5 Conclusion
43 2.6 References
CHAPTER 3
47 Agricultural mechanization in West and Central Africa
47 3.1 Introduction
48 3.2 Status of agricultural mechanization
56 3.3 Need for increased agricultural mechanization
59 3.4 Enabling environment for agricultural mechanization
62 3.5 Investment opportunities and challenges from the current
status
64 3.6 The way forward
65 3.7 References
Vol. 20–2013 vii
MECHANIZATION FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW OF PATTERNS AND PROGRESS FROM AROUND THE WORLD
CHAPTER 4
67 Rural and agricultural mechanization in Bangladesh and Nepal:
Status, processes and outcomes
67 4.1 Introduction
68 4.2 Bangladesh
77 4.3 Nepal
89 4.4 Recurring themes in the spread of rural mechanization in
Bangladesh and Nepal
94 4.5 Future rural mechanization research and analysis
96 4.6 Conclusion
96 4.7 Acknowledgment
96 4.8 References
CHAPTER 5
99 Agricultural mechanization in India
99 5.1 Introduction
100 5.2 Size of land holdings and mechanization
102 5.3 Agricultural growth and development planning
102 5.4 Mechanization and productivity
104 5.5 Development of agricultural mechanization
109 5.6 Investments in agricultural mechanization
113 5.7 Recent pattern of tractor-machinery production and
distribution
115 5.8 Estimates of investments by farmers in farm machinery
116 5.9 Future investments
117 5.10 Conclusions
119 5.11 References
CHAPTER 6
121 China: Development of farm mechanization and the agricultural
machinery industry
121 6.1 Introduction
122 6.2 Overview of the status of agricultural mechanization
development in China
134 6.3 Vision for the future on the agricultural mechanization
development strategies and new trends of technological
progress for China’s farm machinery
137 6.4 Analysis and learning from China
139 6.5 References
viii Integrated Crop Management
CHAPTER 7
141 The Near East Region
141 7.1 Background
143 7.2 The rural environment in the Near East
143 7.3 The status of agricultural mechanization in North Africa
145 7.4 The status of agricultural mechanization in the Middle East
148 7.5 References
CHAPTER 8
149 The development of farm mechanization in Brazil
152 8.1 Introduction to agricultural mechanization in Brazil
154 8.2 The Brazilian savannah or CERRADO
155 8.3 Brazilian agricultural machinery market
159 8.4 Brazilian crop production and influencing factors
159 8.5 Agricultural machinery fleet
160 8.6 Mechanization of specialist crops in Brazil
161 8.7 The problem of labour displacement
162 8.8 References
CHAPTER 9
165 Agricultural mechanization in countries in transition in Eastern
Europe and Central Asia
165 9.1 Introduction
166 9.2 Historical perspective
168 9.3 Quality of construction and performance of the machinery
169 9.4 Manufacture of farm machinery
171 9.5 Other influencing factors
171 9.6 Trends in agricultural mechanization
174 9.7 The present status of agricultural mechanization in ECA
countries
177 9.8 Challenges and opportunities for future investment in
mechanization
179 9.9 References
CHAPTER 10
181 Agricultural mechanization and the environment
181 10.1 Introduction
183 10.2 Environmental aspects of agricultural mechanization
196 10.3 Investment opportunities for environmentally friendly
mechanization
199 10.4 Outlook and projection
201 10.5 Conclusions
202 10.6 References and further reading
Vol. 20–2013 ix