Mechanisms of Chemical Degradation of Cement-based Systems PDF
Preview Mechanisms of Chemical Degradation of Cement-based Systems
Mechanisms of Chemical Degradation of Cement-based Systems Mechanisms of Chemical Degradation of Cement-based Systems Proceedings of the Materials Research Society's Symposium on Mechanisms of Chemical Degradation of Cement-based Systems Boston, USA 27-30 November 1995 EDITED BY K.L. Scrivener Lafarge, Laboratoire Central de Recherche, St Quentin Fallavier, France AND J.F. Young Center for Cement Composite Materials, University of Illinois, USA ~ Taylor & Francis ~ Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First edition 1997 Transferred to Digital Printing 2005 © 1997 Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Chapters 9, 22, 37 and 51 cover work done for the US Government and are in the public domain and are not subject to copyright Chapters 23 and 31 are© British Crown Copyright 1997. Published by kind permission of the Controller of HMSO ISBN D 419 21570 0 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Publisher's Note This book has been produced from camera ready copy provided by the individual contributors in order to make the book available for the conference. Printed and bound by Antony Rowe Ltd, Eastbourne Contents Foreword xi Part One Microstructure and Mechanisms of Chemical Degradation 1 1 The Diagnosis of Chemical Deterioration of Concrete by Optical Microscopy 3 N. Thaulow and U.H. Jakobsen 2 Concrete Chemical Degradation: Ancient analogues and modern evaluation 14 D.M. Roy and W. Jiang 3 Pore Solution Analysis -Are there pressure effects? 22 D. Constantiner and S. Diamond 4 Microstructural Changes and Mechanical Effects Due to the Leaching of Calcium Hydroxide from Cement Paste 30 C. Carde, R. Fran9oise and J-P. Ollivier 5 Modelling the Calcium Leaching Mechanisms in Hydrated Cement Pastes 38 A. Delagrave, B. Gerard and J. Marchand 6 Diffusibility Changes Due to the Presence of Chloride Ions 50 P. E. Streicher and M.G. Alexander 7 The Dispertion of Silica Fume 58 D.A. St. John 8 Fixation of Alkalis in Cement Pore Solutions 67 D. Constantiner and S. Diamond 9 Stress Due to Alkali-Silica Reactions in Mortars 75 C.F. Ferraris, J.R. Clifton, E.J. Garboczi and F.L. Davis 10 Durability of Alkali Activated Cementitious Materials 83 R.I.A. Malek and D.M. Roy 11 Microstructural Changes of Hydrated Cement Paste Due to Carbonation 90 Y.F. Houst vi Contents 12 Corrosion of Cementitious Materials in Acid Waters 98 G. Herold 13 Improvements in the Durability of Cellulose Reinforced Cementitious Composites 106 X. Lin, M.R. Silsbee and D.M. Roy 14 Corrosion of Tobermorite in Strong Chloride Solutions 114 W. Kurdowski, S. Duszak and B. Trybalska Part Two Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel 15 Monitoring the Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel In Cement-based Systems Using Impedance Spectroscopy 125 S.J. Ford and T.O. Mason 16 Microstructural Examination of the Development of Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete 134 A. G. Constantinou and K.L. Scrivener 17 Behaviour of Steel in Simulated Concrete Solutions 143 H.G. Wheat, C.J. Kitowski and J. Kasthurirangan 18 The Effect of Fluoride on the Corrosion Resistance of Steel in Concrete 151 A. Macias and M.L. Escudero 19 Early Detection of Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Structural Concrete 159 F.M. Li and Z.J. Li 20 Influence of the Service Load on Durability of Reinforced High Performance Concrete in Presence of Chloride 167 A. Konin, R. Fram;ois and G. Arliguie Part Three Microstructure and Mechanisms of Chemical Degradation II 21 Some Chemical And Microstructural Aspects of Concrete Durability 177 H.F.W. Taylor and R.S. Gollop Contents vii 22 Mechanisms of Degradation of Portland Cement-based Systems by Sulfate Attack 185 C.F. Ferraris, J.R. Clifton, P.E. Stutzman and E.J. Garboczi 23 Assessment of the Conditions Required for the Thaumasite Form of Sulphate Attack 193 N.J. Crammond and M.A. Halliwell 24 Deterioration of Concrete Bridge Piers in Iceland 201 G. Gudmundsson Part Four Implications of Curing Temperatures for Durability 25 Implications of Curing Temperatures for Durability of Cement-based systems 211 M. Moranville-Regourd 26 What Causes Delayed Ettringite Formation? 219 N. Thaulow, V. Johansen and U.H. Jakobsen 27 Influence of Elevated Aggregate Temperature on Concrete Strength 227 M. Mouret, A. Bascoul and G. Escadeillas 28 Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Elevated Temperature Curing on Porosity of Cement-based Systems 235 K. Van Breugel and E.A.B. Koenders 29 Microchemical Effects of Elevated Temperature Curing and Delayed Ettingite Formation 243 M.C. Lewis and K.L. Scrivener Part Five Durability of Non-Portland Cements 30 Durability of Calcium Aluminate Cement Concrete: Understanding the evidence 253 C. M. George 31 An Assessment of Ageing Calcium Aluminate Cement Concrete from Marine Structures 264 A.M. Dunster, N.J. Crammond, K. Pettifer and D.L. Rayment 32 Behaviour of Aluminous Cement in Highly Alkaline Media 272 S. Gofii, C. Andrade, J.L. Sagrera, M.S. Hermandez and C. Alonso viii Contents 33 Durability of Alkali-activated Slag Cements 281 J. Pera and M. Chabannet 34 Alkali Activated Cementitious Materials in Chemically Aggressive Environments 289 W. Jiang, M.R. Silsbee, E. Breval and D.M. Roy 35 Characteristics of Delayed Ettringite Deposits in ASR-ajfected Steam Cured Concretes 297 D. Bonen and S. Diamond Part Six Cementitious Waste Forms and Performance of Concrete Barriers for Nuclear Waste Management 36 Chemical Evolution of Cementitious Materials with High Proportion of Fly Ash and Slag 307 T. Bakharev, A.R. Brough, R.J. Kirkpatrick, L.J. Struble and J.F. Young 37 Role of Carbonation in Long-term Performance of Cementitious Wasteforms 315 J.C. Walton, R.W. Smith, A. Tarquin, P. Sheeley, R. Kalyana, J. Gwynne, N. Gutierrez, M.S. Bin-Shafique, M. Rodriguez and R. Andrade 38 Chemical Attack on Cement in Nuclear Repositories 323 F.P. Glasser 39 Modelling the Long-term Durability of Concrete for Radioactive Waste Disposals 331 B. Gerard, 0. Didry, J. Marchand, D. Breysse, H. Hornain 40 Modelling of the Chemical Degradation of a Cement Paste 341 F. Adenot and C. Richet 41 Durability of Cement Stabilised Low Level Wastes 350 T. Bakharev, A.R. Brough, R.J. Kirkpatrick, L.J. Struble, J.F. Young, R. Olson, P.D. Tennis, D. Bonen, H. Jennings, T. Mason, S. Sahu and S. Diamond 42 C's Retention in Zeolites Immobilised by Portland Cement 358 L.P. Aldridge, R.A. Day, S. Leung, A.S. Ray, M.G. Stevens, R.S. Knight and C.F. Mapson Contents ix 43 Formation of Zeolite in Mixes of Calcium Aluminate Cement and Silica Fume Used for Cesium Immobilization 366 H. Fryda, P. Boch and K. Scrivener 44 Stabilization of Simulated Alkaline Non-vitrifiable Low-level Radioactive Waste by Carbonate-bearing AFm and AFt Phases 374 D. Bonen, P.D. Tennis, R.A. Olson, H.M. Jennings and T.O. Mason Part Seven Diffusion and Modelling 45 Accelerated Tests for Chloride Dijfusivity and their Application in Prediction of Chloride Penetration 387 L. Tang and L-0. Nilsson 46 Mathematical Modelling of Chloride Diffusion in Concrete 397 Y. Xi 4 7 Degradation of Concrete Structures Due to Chemical Attack: Mathematical prediction 405 J-P. Bournazel and B. Capra 48 Recent Developments in Measurement of Transport Properties in Cement-based Materials 413 J.D. Shane, J-H. Hwang, D. Sohn, T.O. Mason, H.M. Jennings and E.J. Garboczi Part Eight Cementitious Waste Forms for Non-nuclear Applications 49 Degradation Mechanisms of Cement-stabilised Wastes by Internal Sulfate Associated with the Formation of the U Phase 427 G. Li and P. Le Bescop 50 Permeability and Leach Resistance of Grout-based Materials Exposed to Sulphates 436 M.L. Allan and L.E. Kukacka 51 Response of Pb in Cement Waste Forms During TCLP Testing 444 J.H. Boy, T.D. Race, K.A. Reinbold, J.M. Bukowski, A.R. Brough and X. Zhu Key word index 453
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