Mechanics of Swelling: From Clays to Living Cells and Tissues PDF
Preview Mechanics of Swelling: From Clays to Living Cells and Tissues
Mechanics of Swelling From Clays to Living Cells and Tissues NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Kluwer Academic Publishers Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York G Ecological Sciences London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong H Cell Biology Barcelona Budapest I Global Environmental Change NATo-pea DATABASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 30000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO DATABASE compiled by the NATO Publication Coordination Office is possible in two ways: - via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO DATABASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, 1-00044 Frascati, Italy. - via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO DATABASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© wrv GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series H: Cell Biology, Vol. 64 Mechanics of Swelling From Clays to Living Cells and Tissues Edited by Theodoros K. Karalis Democritos University of Thrace Department of Civil Engineering 67100 Xanthi Greece Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Mechanics of Swelling: From Clays to Living Cells and Tissues held at Corfu (Greece) from July 1-6, 1991 ISBN-13: 978-3-642-84621-2 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-84619-9 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-84619-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mechanics of Swelling: from clays to living cells and tissues / edited by Theodoros K. Karalis. (NATO ASI series. Series H, Cell biology; vol. 64) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Mechanics of Swelling: from Clays to Living Cells and Tissues held at Corfu (Greece) from July 1-6,1991." Includes bibliographical references and index. Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extra.springer.com. ISBN-13 978-3-642-84621-2 1. Edema--Congesses. 2. Tissues--Mechanical properties--Congresses. 3. Swelling soils--Congresses. I. Karalis, Theodoros K., 1940-. II. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Swelling Mechanics: From Clays to Living Cells and Tissues (1991 : Kerkyra, Greece) III. Series. RB 1A4.M43 1992 574.19'1--dc20 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole cir part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on. microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 Typesetting: Camera ready by author 31/3145 - 5 4 3 210 - Printed on acid-free paper It is the work of an educated man to look for precision in each class of things insofar as the nature of the subject admits Aristotle Souvenir photograph of the NATO ARW participants held in Corfu 1-6 July, 1990. By numbers: (1) Wendy Silk, (2) Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, (3) John R. Philip, (4) Giovanni Pallotti, (5) Alex Silberberg, (6) Evan A. Evans, (7) Theodoros K Karalis, (S) Alice Maroudas, (9) Francoise Brochard- Wyart, (10) de Barios, (11) Pedro Verdugo, (12) Peter J . Basser, (13) Dennis Pufahl, (14) Jacob Israelachvili, (15) Stefan Marcelja, (16) Sidney A. Simon, (17) J.P.G Urban, (1S) Peter R. Rand, (19) S.D. Tyerman, (20) Paul Janmey, (21) Joe Wolfe, (22) Paolo Bernardi, (23) James S. Clegg, (24) Claude Lechene, (25) John Passioura, (26) Larry L. Boersma, (27) Thanassis Sambanis, (2S) Kenneth R. Spring, (29) Philippe Baveye, (30) Avinoam Nir, (31) Pierre Cruiziat, (32) Kostas Gavrias, (33) Panayiotis Kotzias, (34) Frank A. Meyer, (35) Wayne Comper, (36) J . M. A. Snijders, (37) Yoram Lanir, (3S) Rolf K Reed, (39) Adrian Parsegian, (40) Aris Stamatopoulos, (41) George F. Oster, (42) Leonid B. Margolis, (43) Makoto Suzuki, (44) A. P. Halestrap, (45) Charles A. Pasternak, (46) Jersy Nakielski, (47) Louis Hue Preface Mechanics of Swelling is crucial in any decision process in a diversity of problems in engineering and biological practice. II is part of the control steps following identification of certain materials preceding the' organization that should be made before an industrial action is undertaken. It includes research on all aspects of osmotic phenomena in clays, plants, cells and tissues of living systems, gels and colloidal systems, vesicle polymeric systems, forces between surfactants, etc. It embraces also research on oedema, obesity, tumours, cancer and other related diseases which are connected with oncotic variations in the parts of a living system. The ancient Greeks investigating our physical univcrse, by wrestling with logical reflections, continuously asking and asking again themselves, they found a certain exodos and in this particular problem too. Tumor, dolor, calor, rubor, was a maxim already known by Hippocrates and later-on by the Romans. Presently, major scientific achievement has been attained in the last decades by biologists, medics doctors and physicists, but it st ill remains difficult to explain the cause, the cvolution and the various details concerning oncotic variations in our animate world. Presumably, different generic errors and environmental , factors operate at different stages in the development of these events through multiplicati'on, differentiation, aggregation, localized proliferation and cell death; each of which is itself a complex system of biomedical activities. Oedema, obesity, swell ing of cells and tissues, teratogenic mechanisms, etc. remain of intense clinical importance and the contributions to explain these diseases have been the subjects of widespread research and observations. From the inanimate world, the fact that certain materials swell was already known in antiquity. Ceramic manufacture could not be achieved without knowledge of the used clays' swelling potential. The Egyptians isolated stones from the rocks by carefully filling holes in the rock with dried wood and then pouring water over it. The force developed by the swelling wood made the stone burst. Among other examples the swelling of certain resins in aqueous solutions and of soils at different moisture content was known earlier. Silicates and certain crystalline substances swell and/or lose water without ceasing to behave like crystals. Haemoglobin crystals arc capable of swelling taking up and losing water without any change in their apparent (microscopic) homogeneity. Hair and textile fibres swell when placed in water. The way they swell depends on thcir chemical constitution which affects their behaviour during dyeing and finishing. Knowledge of fibre swelling behaviour VIII would be valuable, but it has proved hard to ascertain because of their small dimensions. Few textile fibres are shorter than about a centimetre in length whilst many are much longer and few fibres are more than one thousandth of a centimetre in breadth and many are smaller. These dimensions make it comparatively easy to measure longitudinal swelling and difficult to measure transverse swelling. Fibres are allotropic and transverse swelling cannot be directly inferred from the longitudinal value. If swelling values could be determined in both directions their ratio would be a valuable index in measuring their allotropy. Keratin or high molecular weight materials when placed in a suitable solvent swell to an equilibrium value determined by the solvent, the temperature and the nature of the polymer. Furthermore, for a long time now certain clay minerals (montmorillonite) have attracted interest and found large uses because of their ability to adsorb large amounts of water. The role of Polysaccharides in Corneal swelling is also substantial. The problem of hydration of the cornea has received considerable attention in the past because of its correlation with corneal transparency. Cornea stroma isolated and immersed in an aqueous solution swells excessively and consequently loses its transparency. The systematic and scientific study of the dimension changes of solids was first discussed by Cauchy in 1828. His outstanding masterpiece was entitled "Sur l' equilibre et Ie mouvement d' un system des points materiels sollicites par les forces d'attraction ou de repulsion mutuelle". However, Cauchy was concerned only with explaining dilation and/or condensation of a solid when it was solicited by external forces. His objective was to study elastic tension and/or condensation of a solid subjected to bending and torsion which were pointed out earlier by Leonard Euler (1755) and much earlier by Galilei (1564-1642), Mariote (1620-1684), Leibnitz (1646-1716), Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703), Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705), Thomas Young (1773-1829) and many others. All these studies concern changes in the dimensions of a solid and not with the interaction of the solid with fluids, specifically when an amount of liquid is taken up by certain materials. The systematic work from this point of view was done by the earlier botanists during the period 1860-1880. Deluc (1791) made some valuable contributions on this subject but it is only through the work of Vide Nageli (1862), Reinke, Pfeffer, Hugo de Vries and others that swelling really started to be modelled. According to them, a solid is said to swell when it takes up a liquid whilst at the same time: (i) it does not lose its apparent homogeneity, (ii) its dimensions are enlarged and (iii} its cohesion is diminished; the latter statement outlining the fact that a material instead of being hard and brittle becomes soft and flexible. Therefore, the flow through a material imbibing water and producing swelling is clearly distinct from capillary imbibition, such as is shown by a solid having many fine capillary canals e.g., a piece of birch etc. Such a solid taking up liquids, remains clearly microscopically inhomogeneous but its dimensions do not change and their cohesion is not drastically diminished through imbibition of the liquid. IX However, despite the remarkable research by the earlier botanists and other contemporary workers, it still remains difficult to have a complete picture of swelling via phase interaction, phase transition, mechanical and thermal considerations. It is difficult to understand why certain materials swell taking up liquids and still not lose its cohesion entirely but only partially. This and other facts are the reason why swelling was discussed in all the fields of our natural world in this workshop. Throughout the meeting our aim was to elucidate the physical meaning and implications of the concepts which already apply to swelling behaviour in most of the materials and systems of our natural world. We tried to promote the mechanics of swelling entering upon a new stage, which is less empirical and where the experimental study of better defined objects was guided rather by more quantitative theories than by qualitative "rules" or working hypotheses. The mechanics of swelling as was discussed in this workshop, may serve as an example of this development reviewing most of the crucial aspects of swelling in nature and to develop as far as possible a quantitative theory giving as a result a clear, concise and relatively complete treatment. The material in this volume is arranged in six parts which cover swelling in soils, plants, cells, tissues and gels. Developments in various techniques are drawn in part six. The booklet ends with a subject index. It was the general opinion of all who attended the Conference that this Advanced Research Workshop was important and valuable to their on-going research projects and everyone saw the need of having further exchanges on the same subject. The lectures and the short papers presented here are of exceptional quality and I would like to thank all the contributors for their efforts. As an editor I had the pleasurable opportunity of becoming familiar with all the contributions and to interact with their authors. It is with great pleasure that I extend my sincerest congratulations along with those of the participants of this ARW to Pierre-Gilles de Gennes who has become a Nobel prize laureate. Furthermore, let me acknowledge the gratitude of all the participants to the NATO Scientific Committee for its generous support and worthwhile goal of bringing together scientists from many countries. Also I which to extend a word of appreciation to the Greek Institutions for their financial support and to my wife Photini for her efficient secretarial work. I also feel very proud to have had the confidence of all the participants who supported the organization of this Advanced Research Workshop held in Corfu from 1-6 July 1991 and I hope that the papers presented in this Springer Verlag's edition will lead to further advances in the Mechanics of Swelling. Theodoros K. Karalis ARW Director Contents Preface i-iii PART 1. SWELLING IN SOILS 1 Flow and volume change in soils and other porous media, and in tissues John R. Philip 3 Water movement and volume change in swelling systems David E. Smiles and J. M Kirby 33 Thermodynamics of soils swelling non-hydrostatically Theodoros K KaraUs 49 Operational aspects of the mechanics of deforming porous media: theory and application to expansive soils Philippe Baveye 79 The osmotic role in the behaviour of swelling clay soils S. L. Barbour, D. G. Fredlund and Dennis Pufahl 97 PART 2. PLANT GROWTH 141 Osmotic adjustment in plant cells exposed to drought and temperature stress: can a cause and effect hypothesis be formulated and tested? Larry Boersma, Yongsheng Feng and Xiaomei Li 143 On the kinematics and dynamics of plant growth Wendy Kuhn Silk 165 Regeneration in the root apex: Modelling study by means of the growth tensor Jersy Nakielski 179 Daily variations of stem and branch diameter:Short overview from a developed example Thiery Ameglio and Pierre Cruziat 193
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