Table Of Content

AT MICROFICHE REFERENCE w LIBRARY A project of Volunteers in Asia Mechanics in Agriculture by Lloyd J. Phipps Published by: The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc. Danville, Illinois 61832 USA Available from: same as above Reproduced by permission. Reproduction of this microfiche document in any form is subject to the same restrictions as those of the original document. The Interstate Printers G Publishers, Inc. Danville. Illinois echanics in riculture Lloyd J. Phipps Professcr Emerks Aqiculture Education Division University of !ilinois at Urbana-Champaign MECHANICS IN AGRICULTURE, Third Edition. Copyright @ 1983 by The lnrerstate Printers Ly Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Prior edirions: 1967, 1977. Primed in the United Stares of America. ISBN 0.X134-2260-4 This third edition of iMerharzics in Agricnltrrre is dedicated to my daughter, Linda L. Slife, and to my grandchildren, Michael Slife and Abigail Slife. PREFACE Merha~~~~:, ir/ Agrir~ltere is designed to serve the needs of high school students, post-high school students, and adults preparing for occupations reqniring knowl&~ and skill in agricultural mechanics. Its contents are also designed to serve the needs of persons presently engaged in the many occupations requiring knowledge and skill in agricultural mechanics. The book emphasizes the basic principles involved in all types of agricultural mechanics activities, from shop work to soil and water management. Throughout the book safety practices are stressed. The contents were selected to supplement and complement both shop and field activities in agricultural mechanics. Emphasis has been placed on the “why” as well as the “how.” Persons may use the contents of the book to obtain an overview and basic understanding of a problem area in agricultural mechanics. This basic overview and understanding will make more meaningful the details learned in the shop and in the field. The new and broadened objectives of vocational education in agriculture guided the author in the selection and organization of the materials. The materials included should be of value to persons engaged in or preparing to engage in (1) production agriculture and (2) off-farm agricultural occupations. The contents of the book cover a wide range of problem areas. A basic book such as Mr&nics in Agriculture has certain advantages for both the teacher and the .oarner. The chapters in rhe book have been grouped into the six major areas of content in agricultural mechanics. In addition, because the metric system of measurement is now being used in these major areas, a chapter on the metric system has been included. Lloyd J. Phipps vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his special gratitude and thanks to Dr. Paul Benson, Agricultural Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and to others who served as technical cunsu!tants for the book, and also to the many companies and individu& in agricultural mechanics who provided n~z~nals and dIustrar~ons that were mcorporared in the book. Cony.:r.rer nrsci ;:;di\!d.wds providing illustrations are given credit below ;!F ~iil:~rrz~iw~s. (I-m+& ;: ex- pressed to Ronald Ipsen, who prepared several lilustrarin:;. for the Lxx:;. ix CONTENTS Page Preface ___..___...___....__.__._._.,_._,__..___.._.._........__............. vii Acknowledgements .._....._.,...,..,...._._._.._......_.__..._............. ix PART I. INTROOUCTION Chapter 1. Understanding and Using Mechanics inAgnculrure .._.._....................................... 3 Chaprer 2. Using Safety Precautions 13 PART II. AGRICULTURAL Slmp Tools and Equipment Chapter 3. Developing a Home Shop for Agricultural Mechanics ......... 39 Chapter 4. Selecting and Using Hand and Power Tools ..................... 53 Chapter 5. Repairing and Sharpening Tools. ............................... 109 Agricultural Woodwork and Carpantly Chapter 6. Figuring Bills of Material. ..................................... 139 Chapter 7. Making Simple Sketches and Reading Blueprints ................. 143 Chapter 8. Selecring and Cving for Lumber ............................... 151 Chapter 9. Selecting and i :xg Wood Fasteners ............................ 157 Chapter 10. Cutting Raft .............................................. 171 Painting and Glaring Chapter 11. Paint+ ... ,177 Chapter 12. Glazi. ~~...................................................19 9 Welding Chapter 13. Rrlding with Electric Arc, Mig, Tig,andSpocWelders ...................................... ..20 5 . Chapter 14. Welding by rhe Oxyacetylene Process ........................... 237 Hot and Cold Metal Work Chq:cr 15. Working Her Metal .......................................... 267 Chapter 16. Workir:g Cold Metal .......................................... 277 xi P#&?< Sheet Metal Work Chaprer 17. Curting, Bending, and Fastening Sheet Metal 287 Chapter 18. So!dering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...293 Rope and leather Work Chapter 19. Selecting and Using Rope 305 Chapter 20. Repairing and Preserving Leather 329 PART Ill. AGRICULTURAL POWER AND MACHINERY Agricultural Power Fundamentals Chapter 21. Understanding the Fundamental Principles of Engines.. 337 Chapter 22. Operating and Lubricaring Engines 343 Chaprer 2j. Maintaining and Adjuring Internal Combustion Engines.. 35: Trucks and Tractors Chapter 24. Selecting, Operaring, and Mainraining Trucks 383 Chapter 25. Selecting, Operating, and Maintaining Tractors 387 Transmission of Power Chapter 26. Transmitting Power by Belts, Chains, Gears, and Clutches .403 Field Machinery Chaprer 27. Selecting Field Machinery 419 Chaprrr 28. Using and Maintaining Field Machinery ,425 Chapter 29 Adjusting and Repairing Field Machinery 433 PART IV. AGRICULTURAL EUILOINGS AND CONVENIENCES Agricultural Buildings Chapter 30. Construcring and Repairing Agricultural Buildings.. 485 Concrete Work Chapter 31. Understanding Concrete Technology 507 Chapter 32. Using Concrcre Blocks and Concrete 523 Rural Conveniences and Sanitation Chapter 33. Establishing Water Supply Systems in Rural Areas 545 Chapter 34. Selecting and Using Plumbisg Equipmenr 553 Chapter 35. Establishing Sewage Disposal Systems inRural Areas ..,.._.._....._.__..._..._..................... 567 xii Fencing Chapter 36. Constructing and Maintaining Fences 575 PART V. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION Chapter 36. Constructing and Maintaining Fences 575 PART V. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION Chapter 37. Understanding Electrical Sources and Terms 587 Chapter 38. Wiring in Rural Areas 597 Chapter 39. Selecting and lv+intaining Electric Motors .‘. 619 Chapter 37. Understanding Electrical Sources and Terms 587 Chapter 38. Wiring in Rural Areas 597 Chapter 39. Selecting and Maintaining Electric Motors .‘. 619 PART VI. SOIL AN0 WATER MANAGEMENT PART VI. SOIL AN0 WATER MANAGEMENT Chapter 40. Using Contour Farming, Strip Cropping, and G;assedWaterways.......................................633 Chapter 41. Teeriacipg to Control Soil Eroria 643 Chapter 42. Providing Drainage and Irrigation 653 Chapter 40. Using Contour Farming, Strip Cropping, and G;assedWaterways.......................................633 Chapter 41. Teeriacipg to Control Soil Eroria 643 Chapter 42. Providing Drainage and Irrigation 653 PART WI. THE METRIC SYSTEM PART WI. THE METRIC SYSTEM Chapter 43. Using the Metric System in Agricultural Mechanics.. ,671 Chapter 43. Using the Metric System in Agricultural Mechanics.. ,671 lndex.......................................................................677 PART I Introduction INTRODUCTION Student Abilities to Be Developed 1. Ability to appreciate the importance and understand the objectives of agricultural mechanics instruction. 2. Ability to appreciate the vahte of good quality work and proper housekeeping in a shop. 3. Ability to select suitable and worthwhile agricultural mechanics projects based on individual supervised agriculture experience programs. 4. Ability to understand and follow safety measures in agricultural mechanics. CHAPTER 1 Understanding and Using Mechanics in Agriculture TYPICAL PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS OF STUDENTS 1. Whar is agricultural mechanics? 2. How important is agricultural mechanics? 3. What are the objectives of agricultural mechanics? 4. Whar relation does agricultural mechanics have 10 students’ supervised agriculture experience programs? 5. How important is repair work? 6. Why is good housekeeping in agricultural mechanics essential? 7. How should the students dress for agricultural mechanics activities? 8. How important is good quality work? 9. What factors should be considered in selecting projects? 10. What are the essential steps in completing projects? 11. How important are srudent notebooks in agricultural mechanics? 12. What does the student need to know before starting work on mechanical activities? 13. What kind of projects should bc undertaken first? 14. What safety precautions should be followed? Meaning of Agricultural Mechanics-The ferm “mechanics” is often used to indicate sane mechanical work such as auto mechanics ot welding, but as used in the vocational field it has a much broader meaning. The terms “agricultural shop work” and “agricultural mechanics instruction” are often used interchangeably in connection with the program in vocational agriculture. “Agricultural mechanics instruction,” however, is a more inclusive term than “agricultural shop work.” Ag- ricultural mechanics includes all the unspecialized mechanical activities performed on the farm and in agriculturally oriented businesses and services. The following five areas of instruction usually constitute the content of mechanics in agriculture: 1. Agricrdtnrol Shop Work. Selection. sharpening, care, and correct use of shop tools and equipmenr; woodwork and simple carpentry; sheet metal 3 4 MECHANICS IN AGRICULTURE work; elementarp forge work; welding, pipe fitting; simple plumbing repairs: rope work. 2. Agrirrdtrrml Pomr and ~Ua&ner~. Selecrion, management, adjustment, operation, maintenance, and repair (excluding major repairs requiring specialized equipment and services) of gas engines, ~rartors, rrucks, and the principal machines used in farming and agriculrurally oriented businesses and services. 3. Agrio&,ral Elprrrifiration. Utilization of electricity in the home and in the productive enterprises; selection, installation. operation, and maintenance of electrical equipment. 5. Soil and Water Afanagenwzt. Elementary leveling, land measurement, and mapping, drainage; irrigation, terracing, conrowing, and scrip cropping. Importance of Mechanics in Agriculture-Most of the work in the many and diverse occupations in agriculture involves some type of mechanical activity. With the increasing mechanization of work, people employed or self-employed in agriculture cannot be successful unless they possess considerable mechanical knowledge and skill. Agricultural engineers estimate that approximately 85 per cent of the machinery in operation on farms is more or less out of adjustment. In addition to the adjustment of machinery used in farming and in other agricultural pourtery kn Smy Re”iav Nationa! safety CO”“CiI, Fig. 1.1. Advance planning is eswdial in agricullural mechanics. With advance planning and doing, diflicultie.s such as this may onsn be avoided. businesses and services, there are many mechanical jobs that a worker in an occupation requiring knowledge and skill in agriculture should and can do after receiving training in agricultural mechanics, such as repairing agricultural machinery, consrrucring buildings, remodeling buildings, maintaining electrical equipment, repairing and maintaining home conveniences, and staking out contours and terraces. UNDERSTANDING AND USING MECHANICS IN AGRICULTURE 5 Objectives of Agricultural Mechanics-There are many values which every student should receive from agricultural mechanics instruction. Some of the objectives of the instruction are: 1. To develop Desirable work ethics. 2. To discover mechanical aptitudes. 3. To develop dependable judgment in agricultural mechanics activities. 4. To develop basic skills in agricultural mechanics. 5. To develop self-confidence in performing mechanical operations. 6. To understand the underlying principles of mechanical processes. 7. To be able to recognize quality work in agricultural mechanics. 8. To develop interest in and willingness to do agricultural mechanics jobs. 9. To understand and determine which mechanical activities can be done more economically by someone else. 10. To utilize opportunities for learning by doing. 11. To deveiop abilities necessary for doing the unspecialized mechanical jobs that a worker in an agricultural occupation needs to be able to do. 12. To develop the ability to work cooperarively and effectively with others in a school’s agricultural shop. Relati~.n of Agriwltural Mechanics to the Students’ Agriculture Experi- ence Programs-The agricultural mechanics instruction shouid be closely related to the students’ agriculture experience programs, including productive and im- provement projects, supplementary jobs, and placement for experience. When students in an agriculture class are receiving supervised agriculture ex- periences through placement-employment training programs with fertilizer dealers, they will probably need to learn how to operate, adjust, and main&n various fertilizer application machines. They may also need to learn how to operate, adjust, and maintain machinery involved in mixing and handling fertilizw. When students in an agriculture class are preparing for gainful employment in an ornamental horticulture occupation, they may need to learn how to operate, adjust, and maintain such machines as turf pluggers, turf xveepers, tree injectors, and greenhouse humidifiers. When students are raising crops such as corn, they will need to learn how to operate, maintain, adjust, and repair the tractors they use. They will also need to learn how to operate, maintain, adjust, and repair the other machines used in pro- ducing corn such as the planter, plow, disk, harrow, cultivator, and combine. They may need to learn about some of the mechanical aspects of soil convervation, and they may need to learn about carpentry in order to repair or remodel storage facilities for the corn crop and for the machinery which they use. If they elerate the grain produced into a storage facility with an electric motor, they may need to learn something about wiring and the selection and care of the motor. When students have sow and litter projects, they will need housing facilities which may necessitate the remodeling or building of hog houses. They may need to construct gates, feeders, uoughs, crates, and chutes, all of which make excellent projects. A student with a baby chick project will need feeders, stands, and pens, which may be made in the shop. The following is a partial list of projects, grouped according to their relation to