Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete

507 Pages·2013·72.443 MB·507\507

by  Ulm, Franz-Josef, Jennings, Hamlin M., Pellenq Roland

M
ECHANICS AND
P C ,
HYSICS OF REEP
S ,
HRINKAGE AND
D
URABILITY OF
C
ONCRETE
A Tribute to Zdeněk P. Bažant
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON CREEP, SHRINKAGE, AND DURABILITY MECHANICS
(CONCREEP-9)

September 22–25, 2013
Cambridge, Massachusetts

SPONSORED BY
IA-CONCREEP
Engineering Mechanics Institute of ASCE
American Concrete Institute
Concrete Sustainability Hub at MIT
Groupement de Recherche International “Multi-scale Materials
Under the Nanoscope” of CNRS

EDITED BY
Franz-Josef Ulm
Hamlin M. Jennings
Roland Pellenq

Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International Conference on Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability Mechanics (9th : 2013 : Cambridge,
Mass.)
Mechanics and physics of creep, shrinkage, and durability of concrete : a tribute to Zdenek P.
Bažant : proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability
Mechanics (CONCREEP-9), September 22-25, 2013 Cambridge, Massachusetts / sponsored by IA-
CONCREEP, Engineering Mechanics Institute of ASCE, American Concrete Institute, Concrete
Sustainability Hub at MIT, Groupement de recherche international "multi-scale materials, under the
nanoscope" of CNRS ; edited by Franz-Josef Ulm, Hamlin M. Jennings, Roland Pellenq.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-7844-1311-1 (print : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-0-7844-7796-0 (ebook) 1. Concrete--
Creep--Congresses. 2. Concrete--Expansion and contraction--Congresses. I. Bažant, Z. P. II. Ulm,
F.-J. (Franz-Josef) III. Jennings, Hamlin. IV. Pellenq, Roland. V. Engineering Mechanics Institute.
VI. Title.
TA440.I5225 2013
624.1'834--dc23
2013030292

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Preface
Concrete, the solid that forms at room temperature from mixing Portland cement with
water, sand, and aggregates, is the backbone material of our society’s legitimate need
for housing, shelter, hospitals, energy, and transport. But concrete suffers from time-
dependent deformation under load. This creep occurs at a rate that deteriorates the
durability and truncates the lifespan of concrete structures. However, the fundamental
causes of concrete creep are still an enigma and have deceived many decoding
attempts from both experimental and theoretical sides. In the United States alone,
concrete creep is partly responsible for an estimated 78.8 billion dollars required
annually for highway and bridge maintenance. In some applications, concrete creep
and shrinkage is considered a serious threat to longevity and safety of our built
concrete infrastructure, including bridges, containment structures, oil and gas well
cement seals, and so on.

The contributions assembled in this book all aim at contributing to dissecting the very
physical origin of creep and shrinkage of concrete, and to propel this knowledge from
the scale of a few atoms to the scale of day-to-day engineering applications. They
comprise both the invited and contributed papers presented at the Ninth International
Conference on Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability Mechanics (ConCreep-9@MIT),
held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., from
September 22–25, 2013. Now in its 9th edition, ConCreep-9@MIT continues a highly
successful conference series on Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability Mechanics of
Concrete and other Quasi-Brittle Materials, that started more than a half a century ago
in Munich (1958,1968), Leeds (1978), Evanston (1986), Barcelona (1993),
Cambridge (2001), Nantes (2005), and Ise-Shima (2008).

Hosted by the Concrete Sustainability Hub at MIT (http://web.mit.edu/cshub/),
ConCreep-9@MIT brings together scientists and engineers at the leading edge of
research and implementation of innovation related to creep, shrinkage, and durability
mechanics of concrete and concrete structures. While the main objective of Concreep-
9@MIT remains true to the original objectives of this conference series, to review
and discuss novel efforts in both research and engineering practice on physical origin,
prediction, and structural effects of time-dependent deformation, we recognize that
the development of the next generation of science-enabled engineering solutions
requires an outreach to fields that have classically not been associated with the
ConCreep community. Specifically, through the co-sponsorship of this conference by
the Groupement de Recherche International Multi-scale Materials Under the
Nanoscope (GDRI, M2UN), we extend the outreach to the community of soft matter
scientists, glasses physicists, and computational materials scientists. The results of
this synergy can be traced throughout this book, from molecular and mesoscale scale
iii
simulations and measurements to loss of prestress assessment due to creep and
shrinkage using the latest advances in engineering design creep models.

We dedicate this collective work of the state-of-the-art of the science and engineering
of creep and shrinkage of concrete to Zdeněk P. Bažant, the McCormick Institute
Professor, Walter P. Murphy Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Material Science and Engineering at Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois, at the occasion of his 75th birthday. Zdeněk P. Bažant
epitomizes like no other the theme of this conference series at the cross-road of
fundamental physics and engineering. A native of Prague, Zdeněk P. Bažant’s first
encounter with creep and shrinkage was during his early practice as a Structural
Bridge Engineer in the early 1960s in the former communist Czechoslovakia, which
culminated in his 1963 doctoral dissertation on creep effects in concrete structures
(subsequently published as a book). His postdoctoral studies in Paris and Toronto,
during the short-lived period of liberalization in communist Czechoslovakia that
preceded the Prague Spring in 1968, brought him to the West and to the forefront of
research on creep and shrinkage of concrete. It culminated in his early fundamental
contribution to the surface thermodynamics of volume change, hindered adsorbed
water and disjoining pressure, which laid the foundation for the modern theory of
creep and shrinkage mechanisms and its application in constitutive modeling and
engineering design codes. After more than 45 years, this topic continues to be focus
of cutting edge research. In the fall of 1969, he joined the faculty at Northwestern
University. For more than four decades, Zdeněk P. Bažant continues to shape and
redefine the engineering sciences in civil and mechanical engineering in general and
of creep, shrinkage, and fracture of concrete and other quasi-brittle materials in
particular. He is member of the National Academy of Engineers and the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America and the founding president of
IA-Concreep, the international association organizing the ConCreep conference
series.

As the future of sustainable concrete engineering solutions is at stake, we trust that
the conference papers in the ConCreep-9@MIT Proceedings will significantly
contribute to Concrete Science and Engineering in the 21st Century and be a
permanent tribute to the groundbreaking work of a scientist and engineer, educator,
mentor, and friend, Zdeněk P. Bažant.

Franz-Josef Ulm
Hamlin M. Jennings
Roland Pellenq

Cambridge, MA, June 2013

iv
Contents
Keynote Lectures
Progress in Creep and Shrinkage Prediction Engendered by Alarming Bridge
Observations and Expansion of Laboratory Database ........................................................ 1
Z. P. Bažant, M. H. Hubler, R. Wendner, and Q. Yu
Structure and Small Angle Scattering of Polydisperse Granular Porous Materials:
A Fingerprint for Cement Paste ........................................................................................... 18
P. Levitz and S. Brisard
Nanoscale Numerical Study of C-S-H Precipitation and Gelation ................................... 30
Emanuela Del Gado and Katerina Ioannidou
The Counteracting Effects of Capillary Porosity and of Unhydrated Clinker
Grains on the Macroscopic Strength of Hydrating Cement Paste: A Multiscale
Model ...................................................................................................................................... 40
Bernhard Pichler, Christian Hellmich, Josef Eberhardsteiner,
Jaromír Wasserbauer, Pipat Termkhajornkit, Rémi Barbarulo, and
Gilles Chanvillard
Creep Properties of Cementitious Materials from Indentation Testing:
Significance, Influence of Relative Humidity, and Analogy Between C-S-H and
Soils ......................................................................................................................................... 48
M. Vandamme, Q. Zhang, F.-J. Ulm, R. Le Roy, B. Zuber, E. Gartner, and
P. Termkhajornkit
A Depinning Model for Creep and Plasticity of Disordered Materials ............................ 62
David Bouttes and Damien Vandembroucq
Molecular and Meso-Scale Simulations and Characterization
NANO-CREEP of Synthetic CSH Produced using 1.5 and 0.7 CAO/SIO Mixture
2
Ratios ...................................................................................................................................... 70
Michelle L. Begaye, Sherif H. Aboubakr, Jung J. Kim, and Mahmoud
M. Reda Taha
Applying Tools from Glass Science to Study Calcium-Silicate- Hydrates ....................... 78
MJ. Abdolhosseini Qomi, M. Bauchy, R. J-M. Pellenq, and F-J. Ulm
Mechanical Behaviour of Ordered and Disordered Calcium Silicate Hydrates
under Shear Strain Studied by Atomic Scale Simulations ................................................. 86
H. Manzano, E. Masoero, I. Lopez-Arbeloa, and H. M. Jennings
Hydrothermal and Mechanical Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks ....................... 98
François-Xavier Coudert, Aurélie Ortiz, Marta De Toni, Anne Boutin, and
Alain H. Fuchs
NMR Investigations of Water Retention Mechanism by Cellulose Ethers in
Cement-Based Materials .................................................................................................... 102
J.-P. Korb, L. Patural, A. Govin, and Ph. Grosseau
vii
Water Sorption Hysteresis in Cement Nano Slits .............................................................. 110
Wen Hui Duan, Shu Jian Chen, and Mija Hubler
Interpretation of Full Sorption-Desorption Isotherms as a Tool for Understanding
Concrete Pore Structure ...................................................................................................... 118
Matthew B. Pinson, Hamlin M. Jennings, and Martin Z. Bazant
Multi-scale Hydric Transport in Hardened Cement Pastes and Reference Porous
Silicate Materials ................................................................................................................. 126
H. Chemmi, V. Tariel, D. Petit, J-P. Korb, R. Denoyel, and P. Levitz
Water Isotherms, Shrinkage and Creep of Cement Paste: Hypotheses, Models and
Experiments ......................................................................................................................... 134
Hamlin M. Jennings, Enrico Masoero, Matthew B. Pinson, Elena
G. Strekalova, Patrick A. Bonnaud, Hegoi Manzano, Q. Ji, Jeffrey J. Thomas,
Roland J.-M. Pellenq, Franz-Josef Ulm, Martin Z. Bazant, and Krystyn
J. Van Vliet
Diffusion Properties of Sodium and Lithium Silicates through Cement Pastes and
its Mitigating Effect on Alkali-silica Reaction .................................................................. 142
Irfan Prasetia, Soyo Asano, and Kazuyuki Torii
New Experimental Approach to Study Creep and Shrinkage Mechanisms of
Concrete on the Nano-scale Level ...................................................................................... 150
Harald S. Müller, Joerg-Detlef Eckhardt, and Michael Haist
Infinitesimal Shrinkage as Determined by Inverse Analysis Based on Drying and
Shrinkage Tests .................................................................................................................... 158
B. Villmann, V. Slowik, P. Wang, and F. H. Wittmann
Kinetic Simulation of the Logarithmic Creep of Cement ................................................ 166
E. Masoero, H. Manzano, E. Del Gado, R. J.-M. Pellenq, F.-J. Ulm, and
S. Yip
Recent Developments in Durability Mesomechanics of Concrete, Including
Cracking via Interface Elements ....................................................................................... 174
Joaquin Liaudat, Mariana Rodriguez, Carlos Lopez, and Ignacio Carol
Finite Element Based Characterization of the Creep Properties of the Cement
Paste Phases by Coupling Nanoindentation Technique and SEM-EDS ......................... 182
L. Sorelli, D.-T. Pham, D. Vallée, J. Chen, and M. Fafard
In-situ Chemo-Mechanical Characterization of Cementitious Microstructures
with Coupled X-Ray Microanalysis and Indentation Technique .................................... 190
Konrad J. Krakowiak, William Wilson, Simon James, and Franz.-J. Ulm
Micromechanics of Creep and Shrinkage
Efficient Homogenization of Ageing Creep of Random Media: Application to
Solidifying Cementitious Materials ................................................................................... 201
J. Sanahuja
Multi-scales Characterization of the Early-age Creep of Concrete ................................. 211
M. Farah, F. Grondin, M. Matallah, A. Loukili, and J. Saliba
Coupled Damage and Multiscale Creep Model Applied to Cementitious Materials .... 219
B. Bary, Q.-C. He, and M.-Q. Thai
viii
Micromechanical Model of Concrete Creep ..................................................................... 227
Lev Khazanovich and Kairat Tuleubekov
Experimental Analysis of Drying Shrinkage Cracking in Coating Mortars by
Digital Image Correlation ................................................................................................... 235
F. Benboudjema, T. Mauroux, P. Turcry, A. Ait-Mokthar, and O. Deves
Numerical Analysis of Cracking Induced by Drying Shrinkage in Concrete using a
Mesoscopic Approach: Influence of Aggregates Restraint and Skin Effect ................... 243
M. Briffaut and F. Benboudjema
Delayed Strains of Cementitious Materials – Impact of Heterogeneities and Creep
on Cracking Induced by Drying ........................................................................................ 251
C. De Sa, C. Benboudjema, and A. Michou
Influence of the Initial Water Saturation of Aggregates on Concrete Shrinkage .......... 261
E. Roziere, R. Cortas, A. Loukili, A. Hamami, and S. Staquet
Multiscale Creep, Shrinkage, Fracture and Durability Properties
Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Fiber Reinforced Composites with Superhydrophobic
Admixtures ........................................................................................................................... 269
Scott Muzenski, Ismael Flores-Vivian, and Konstantin Sobolev
Experimental Study on Effect of Internal Cracking on Corrosion Rate of
Reinforcement in Concrete ................................................................................................. 277
Isao Ujike, Shinichiro Okazaki, and Ryoichi Sato
Mechanical Properties of Deteriorated Hardened Cement Paste ................................... 285
K. Kurumisawa, H. Owada, and M. Shibata
Microstructure Improvement of Cementitious Systems using Nanomaterials: A
Key for Enhancing the Durability of Concrete ................................................................. 293
L.P. Singh, S.K. Bhattacharyya, U. Sharma, G. Mishra, and S. Ahalawat
The use of Superabsorbent Polymers to Mitigate Shrinkage of Concrete ..................... 301
A. Assmann and H.W. Reinhardt
Measuring the Chemical Shrinkage of Alkali-Activated Slag Cements Using the
Buoyancy Method ................................................................................................................ 308
Christopher P. Cartwright, Farshad Rajabipour, and Aleksandra Radlińska
An Apparatus for Dissecting Volumetric Changes in Hydrating Cement Paste ............ 316
M. Abuhaikal, S. Musso, J. Thomas, and F.-J. Ulm
Effectiveness of Various Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) in Mitigating
Autogenous Shrinkage of Cement-based Materials ......................................................... 324
V. Mechtcherine, C. Schroefl, and M. Gorges
Macrocrack Propagation in a Concrete Specimen Subjected to a Sustained
Loading: Influence of Tensile Creep .................................................................................. 332
Pierre Rossi and Jean-Louis Tailhan
Experimental Research and Numerical Simulation of Post-Crack Creep Behavior
of SFRC Loaded in Tension ................................................................................................ 340
Guanyu Zhao, Marco di Prisco, and Lucie Vandewalle
ix
Analysis of Concrete Creep in Compression, Tension and Bending: Numerical
Modeling .............................................................................................................................. 348
A. Hilaire, F. Benboudjema, A. Darquennes, Y. Berthaud, and G. Nahas
Improvement of Crack Resistance of Slag Concrete by Utilizing High Alite
Cement ................................................................................................................................. 356
Huynh Phuong Nam and Akira Hosoda
Experimental Determination of Early Age Fracture Toughness and Fracture
Process Zone Size in Cement Pastes .................................................................................. 364
C. Hoover
The Significance of Nanosilica on Degradation of Oil Well Cement in Carbonated
Brine Environments ............................................................................................................ 372
Andrew S. Griffin, Muhammad K. Rahman, Jung J. Kim, and
Mahmoud Reda Taha
Optimization of Anti-creep Admixtures for Plasterboards ............................................. 380
J. Colombani and M. Bellotto
Role of Recycled Concrete Aggregates on the Long-term Behavior of Structural
Concrete ............................................................................................................................... 388
C. Mazzotti, S. Manzi, and M.C. Bignozzi
Effects of Poly Vinyl Alcohol Fibers in Fracture Energy of Concrete ............................ 396
H. R. Ahmadian and M. Ganji
From Material Creep and Shrinkage to Structural Design
Desiccation Shrinkage of Large Structures: Is there a Size Effect? ............................... 404
J. M. Torrenti and F. Benboudjema
Development of Comprehensive Platform for the Estimation of Volume Change
and Damage in Cementitious Material .............................................................................. 412
T. Tanabe, S. Ono, H. Morimoto, H. Nakamura, and Y. Ishikawa
Simulation of Time-dependent Tensile Behavior of Concrete under Various
Loading and Drying Path ................................................................................................... 421
T. Shimomura, Y. Aoki, and H. Obata
The B4 Model for Multi-decade Creep and Shrinkage Prediction ................................. 429
R. Wendner, M. H. Hubler, and Z. P. Bažant
Improved Estimation of Long-Term Relaxation Function of Aging Concrete from
Its Compliance Function ..................................................................................................... 437
Z. P. Bažant, M. H. Hubler, and M. Jirásek
Overall Stiffness Reduction of Cracked Reinforced Concrete Beams Due to Long
Term Effects ......................................................................................................................... 443
Arnaud Castel, Raymond Ian Gilbert, and Gianluca Ranzi
An Effective Flexural Stiffness Equation for Long Term Deflection of Prestressed
Concrete with and without Cracks .................................................................................... 451
R. Sato, K. Nakarai, Y. Ogawa, and K. Kawai
x
Viscoplastic Constitutive Relation for Relaxation of Prestressing Steel at Varying
Strain and Temperature ...................................................................................................... 459
Qiang Yu and Zdenĕk P. Bažant
Material Law on the Time-dependent Stress-strain Behavior of Young Concretes ...... 467
Isabel Anders and Harald S. Müller
Inverse Estimation of Thermal Properties of Concrete During Hydrating Process ..... 475
Osvaldo D. Quintana, Antonio Aquino, Rubén López, Jean Marie Désir, and
Eduardo M. B. Campello
Effect of Heat Elimination by Pipe Cooling System for Temperature Rise with
Heat of Cement Hydration in Beam Using High Strength Engineered
Cementitious Composites ................................................................................................... 483
T. Mizobuchi, T. Kanda, and M. Kunieda
Development of FEM Thermal Analysis for Concrete Structures with Pipe Cooling
System .................................................................................................................................. 491
Yasuaki Ishikawa, Toshiaki Mizobuchi, and Tada-aki Tanabe

xi
Progress in Creep and Shrinkage Prediction Engendered by Alarming Bridge
Observations and Expansion of Laboratory Database

Z. P. Bažant1, M. H. Hubler2, R. Wendner3, and Q. Yu4

1 Northwestern University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tech
2145 Sheridan Rd. A135, Evanston, IL 60208-3109; PH [phone]; email: z-
[email protected]
2 Northwestern University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tech
2145 Sheridan Rd. A236, Evanston, IL 60208-3109; email: m-
[email protected]
3 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Institute of Structural
Engineering, Peter Jordanstr. 82, Vienna, Austria; email: [email protected]
4 University of Pittsburgh, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3700
O'Hara Street 730 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; PH [phone]; email:
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This keynote lecture presents a broad yet concise overview of the advances at
Northwestern University since ConCreep-8, triggered by the success in 2008 in
enforcing the release of the (legally sealed) data on the tragic 1996 collapse and the
preceding, grossly excessive, deflections of the record-span segmental box-girder
bridge in Palau. Subsequent analysis put the main blame for the excessive deflections
on wrong design codes or recommendations. This revelation stimulated an extensive
effort, generously funded by DoT and NSF, to advance the knowledge of concrete
creep. First, several advances, presented in detail in other papers at ConCreep-9, are
briefly reviewed; they include: 1) assembly of a greatly enlarged database of
laboratory creep and shrinkage data for various concretes without and with
admixtures; 2) collection of a database on deflections of 69 segmental bridges, mostly
excessive; 3) development of an improved creep and shrinkage prediction model,
labeled B4, and its joint statistical calibration by both databases; 4) improved rate-
type algorithm for creep analysis in which the inverse Laplace transform is used in
each time step to obtain the current retardation spectrum; 5) a realistic viscoplastic
constitutive law for prestressing steel, applicable to time-varying strain and
temperature; and 6) an improved algebraic formula for converting the aging
compliance function to the relaxation function. Development of new formula for
cyclic creep is described next, in detail. The formula is derived from Paris’ law for
the growth of micrometer size cracks. Its consequences for segmental bridges of
various spans are discussed. The final discussion outlines new theoretical results
showing that one mechanism causing the hysteresis of nanopore water sorption-
1