Mechanically Responsive Materials for Soft Robotics

432 Pages·2020·25.366 MB·English

by  Hideko Koshima (editor)

MechanicallyResponsiveMaterialsforSoftRobotics
Mechanically Responsive Materials for Soft
Robotics
Editedby
HidekoKoshima
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v
Contents
Preface xiii
PartI MechanicallyResponsiveCrystals 1
1 PhotomechanicalBehaviorofPhotochromicDiarylethene
Crystals 3
SeiyaKobatakeandDaichiKitagawa
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 CrystalDeformationExhibitingExpansion/Contractionupon
Photoirradiation 6
1.3 PhotoresponsiveBending 7
1.4 DependenceofBendingBehavioronIrradiationWavelength 11
1.5 PhotomechanicalWorkofDiaryletheneCrystalsThatExhibit
Bending 13
1.6 NewTypesofPhotomechanicalMotion 15
1.7 PhotosalientEffect 20
1.8 Summary 22
References 23
2 PhotomechanicalCrystalsMadefromAnthracene
Derivatives 29
FeiTong,ChristopherJ.Bardeen,andRabihO.Al-Kaysi
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 ElementsofPhotomechanicalMolecularCrystals 30
2.3 TheAdvantageofUsingAnthraceneDerivativesinPhotomechanical
Crystals 33
2.4 TypesofAnthracenePhotomechanicalCrystals 34
2.4.1 NR-TypeAnthraceneDerivatives 34
2.4.1.1 9-AnthraceneCarboxylateEsterDerivatives 34
2.4.1.2 9-Methylanthracene 36
2.4.1.3 9-Cyanoanthracne,9-Anthealdehyde,and9,10-Dinitroanthracene 37
2.4.1.4 ConjugatedAnthraceneDerivativeswithTrans-to-Cis
Photochemistry 38
2.4.2 T-TypePhotomechanicalCrystalsBasedonReversible4π+4π
Photodimerization 39
vi Contents
2.4.3 P-TypeAnthraceneDerivatives 44
2.5 SynthesisofAnthraceneDerivatives 46
2.6 FutureDirectionandOutlook 47
2.6.1 ModelingReactionDynamicsinMolecularCrystals 47
2.6.2 NewAnthraceneDerivativesandCrystalShapes 48
2.6.3 InterfacingPhotomechanicalMolecularCrystalswithOther
Materials 49
2.7 Conclusion 50
Acknowledgments 50
References 50
3 MechanicallyResponsiveCrystalsbyLightandHeat 57
HidekoKoshima,TakuyaTaniguchi,andToruAsahi
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 PhotomechanicalBendingofCrystalsbyPhotoreactions 59
3.2.1 Azobenzene 59
3.2.1.1 Bending 59
3.2.1.2 TwistedBending 61
3.2.2 SalicylideneanilineandAnalogues 61
3.2.2.1 BendingandtheMechanism 63
3.2.2.2 ComparisonofChiralandRacemicCrystals 64
3.2.3 Fulgide 64
3.2.4 CarbonylCompounds 66
3.3 LocomotionofCrystalsbyThermalPhaseTransition 67
3.3.1 Inchworm-LikeWalking 70
3.3.2 FastRollingLocomotion 71
3.4 DiversificationofMechanicalMotionbyPhoto-triggeredPhase
Transition 72
3.4.1 DiscoveryandtheMechanismofPhoto-triggeredPhase
Transition 72
3.4.2 StepwiseBending 75
3.5 WhyCrystals? 75
3.6 SummaryandOutlook 77
References 77
4 CrawlingMotionofCrystalsonSolidSurfacesby
Photo-inducedReversibleCrystal-to-MeltPhaseTransition 83
YasuoNorikaneandKoichiroSaito
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 IsomerizationofAzobenzene 84
4.3 PhaseTransitionsinLiquidCrystals(Liquid-Crystal-to-Isotropic) 86
4.4 PhaseTransitionsinCrystalPhase(Crystal-to-Melt) 87
4.4.1 CharacteristicsoftheCrystal-to-MeltPhaseTransition 87
4.4.2 PotentialApplicationsofCrystal-to-MeltTransition 89
4.4.3 MechanicalMotionsDerivedfromtheCrystal-to-LiquidPhase
Transition 92
4.5 Photo-inducedCrawlingMotionofAzobenzeneCrystals 94
4.5.1 DiscoveryoftheCrawlingMotionofCrystalonSolidSurface 94
Contents vii
4.5.2 CharacteristicsoftheCrawlingMotionofCrystals 95
4.5.3 MechanismoftheCrawlingMotion 98
4.5.4 CrawlingMotionofAzobenzeneCrystals 98
4.6 Conclusion 98
References 99
5 Bending,Jumping,andSelf-HealingCrystals 105
PancˇeNaumov,StanislavChizhik,PatrickCommins,andElenaBoldyreva
5.1 BendingCrystals 105
5.1.1 GeneralMechanismofCrystalBending 105
5.1.2 KineticModeloftheTransformation 108
5.1.3 MechanicalResponseofaCrystaltoIrradiation 112
5.1.4 ACaseStudy,LinkageIsomerizationof[Co(NH ) NO ]Cl(NO ) 116
3 5 2 3
5.1.5 ConcludingRemarks 117
5.2 SalientCrystals 118
5.2.1 SalientEffects 118
5.2.2 MechanismoftheThermosalientTransition 120
5.2.3 ThermalSignatureoftheThermosalientEffect 123
5.2.4 DirectionalityofMotion 124
5.2.5 EffectofIntermolecularInteractions 125
5.2.6 EffectofCrystalHabit 127
5.2.7 PhotosalientandMechanosalientEffects 128
5.2.8 ApplicationsoftheSalientEffects 130
5.3 Self-healingCrystals 131
References 133
6 ShapeMemoryMolecularCrystals 139
SatoshiTakamizawa
Introduction 139
6.1 DiscoveryofOrganosuperelasticity 141
6.2 TwinningOrganosuperelasticity 149
6.3 OrganosuperplasticityThroughMultilayeredSliding 156
6.4 TwinningFerroelasticity 158
6.5 Summary 173
References 173
PartII MechanicallyResponsivePolymersand
Composites 177
7 MechanicalPolymericMaterialsBasedonCyclodextrinsas
ArticialMuscles 179
AkiraHarada,YoshinoriTakashima,AkihitoHashidzume,andHiroyasu
Yamaguchi
7.1 Introduction 179
7.2 ArtificialMuscleRegulatedbyCross-LinkingDensity 180
7.2.1 AHost–GuestGelwithαCDandAzo 180
viii Contents
7.2.2 Photo-ResponsiveVolumeChangeofαCD-AzoGels 181
7.2.3 Photo-ResponsivePropertyofαCD-AzoGels 184
7.3 ArtificialMuscleRegulatedbySlidingMotion 187
7.3.1 PreparationofaTopologicalHydrogel(αCD-AzoHydrogel) 188
7.3.2 MechanicalandPhoto-ResponsivePropertiesoftheαCD-Azo
Hydrogel 188
7.3.3 UVandVisLight-ResponsiveActuationoftheαCD-AzoXerogel 192
7.4 AnArtificialMolecularActuatorwitha[c2]DaisyChain
([c2]AzoCD ) 192
2
7.4.1 Photo-ResponsiveActuationofthe[c2]AzoCD Hydrogel 194
2
7.4.2 Photo-ResponsiveActuationofthe[c2]AzoCD Xerogel 196
2
7.5 SupramolecularMaterialsConsistingofCDandSti 199
7.5.1 (αCD-Sti) Hydrogel 199
2
7.5.2 (αCD-Sti) DryGel 202
2
7.6 ConcludingRemarks 204
References 205
8 Cross-LinkedLiquid-CrystallinePolymersasPhotomobile
Materials 209
ToruUbeandTomikiIkeda
Introduction 209
8.1 StructuresandFunctionsofPhotomobileMaterialsBasedon
LCPs 211
8.1.1 Polysiloxanes 211
8.1.2 Polyacrylates 213
8.1.3 PolyacrylateElastomersPreparedfromLCMacromers 218
8.1.4 SystemswithMultiplePolymerComponents 218
8.1.5 Composites 220
8.1.6 LinearPolymers 222
8.1.7 RearrangeableNetworkwithDynamicCovalentBonds 224
8.2 Summary 226
References 226
9 PhotomechanicalLiquidCrystalPolymersandBioinspiredSoft
Actuators 233
ChongyuZhu,LangQin,YaoLu,JiahaoSun,andYanleiYu
9.1 Background 233
9.2 ActuationPrinciples 234
9.2.1 PhotochemicalPhaseTransition 235
9.2.2 WeigertEffect 237
9.2.3 PhotothermalEffect 239
9.3 BioinspiredActuatorsandTheirApplications 242
9.3.1 SoftActuatorsDrivenbyPhotothermalEffect 243
9.3.2 PhotoinducedActuationofSoftActuators 245
9.4 Conclusion 251
References 253
Contents ix
10 Organic–InorganicHybridMaterialswithPhotomechanical
Functions 257
SufangGuoandAtsushiShimojima
10.1 Introduction 257
10.2 AzobenzeneasOrganicComponents 258
10.3 Siloxane-BasedOrganic–InorganicHybrids 258
10.4 PhotoresponsiveAzobenzene–SiloxaneHybridMaterials 261
10.4.1 NanostructuralControlbySelf-AssemblyProcesses 261
10.4.2 LamellarSiloxane-BasedHybridswithPendantAzobenzene
Groups 262
10.4.3 LamellarSiloxane-BasedHybridswithBridgingAzobenzene
Groups 264
10.4.4 Photo-InducedBendingofAzobenzene–SiloxaneHybridFilm 265
10.4.5 ControloftheArrangementofAzobenzeneGroups 268
10.5 OtherAzobenzene–InorganicHybrids 270
10.5.1 IntercalationCompounds 270
10.5.2 HybridizationwithCarbon-BasedMaterials 270
10.6 SummaryandOutlook 272
References 272
11 Multi-responsivePolymerActuatorsbyThermo-reversible
Chemistry 277
AntoniyaToncheva,LoïcBlanc,PierreLambert,PhilippeDubois,and
Jean-MarieRaquez
11.1 Introduction 277
11.2 CovalentAdaptiveNetworks 279
11.2.1 AssociativeCANs 279
11.2.2 DissociativeCANs 280
11.3 Thermo-reversibleChemistry 280
11.4 DAReactionsforThermo-reversibleNetworks 282
11.4.1 BasicDefinitions 282
11.4.2 DAReactionsforPolymerSynthesis 282
11.4.3 DAReactionsforThermo-reversiblePolymerNetwork 283
11.4.3.1 Self-healingMaterials 283
11.4.3.2 Hydrogels 287
11.5 SoftActuators 289
11.6 DA-basedSMPsforSoftRoboticsApplication 292
11.7 OntheRoadto3DPrinting 293
11.8 PerspectivesandChallenges 295
Acknowledgments 298
References 298
12 MechanochromicPolymersasStress-sensingSoft
Materials 307
DaisukeAokiandHideyukiOtsuka
12.1 Introduction 307
12.2 ClassificationofMechanochromicPolymers 307
x Contents
12.3 MechanochromophoresBasedonDynamicCovalentChemistry 309
12.4 MechanochromicPolymersBasedonDynamicCovalent
Chemistry 310
12.4.1 PolystyreneswithMechanochromophoresattheCenterofthe
PolymerChain 310
12.4.2 PolyurethaneElastomerswithMechanophoresintheRepeating
Units 310
12.4.3 MechanochromicElastomersBasedonPolymer–Inorganic
CompositeswithDynamicCovalentMechanochromophores 312
12.5 MechanochromicPolymersExhibitingMechanofluorescence 315
12.6 RainbowMechanochromismBasedonThreeRadical-type
Mechanochromophores 316
12.7 MulticolorMechanochromismBasedonRadical-type
Mechanochromophores 318
12.8 Foresight 321
References 323
PartIII ApplicationofMechanicallyResponsiveMaterialsto
SoftRobots 327
13 SoftMicrorobotsBasedonPhotoresponsiveMaterials 329
StefanoPalagi
13.1 SoftRoboticsattheMicroScale 329
13.2 LCEsforMicrorobotics 330
13.2.1 ThermalResponseofLCEs 330
13.2.2 PhotothermalActuationofLCEs 331
13.3 Light-ControlledSoftMicrorobots 335
13.3.1 StructuredLight 337
13.3.2 ControlledActuation 338
13.3.2.1 RoleofControlParameters 338
13.3.3 SwimmingMicrorobots 341
13.4 Outlook 344
References 344
14 4DPrinting:AnEnablingTechnologyforSoftRobotics 347
CarlosSánchez-Somolinos
14.1 Introduction 347
14.2 3DPrintingTechniques 348
14.2.1 MaterialExtrusion-BasedTechniques 349
14.2.2 VatPhotopolymerizationTechniques 350
14.3 4DPrintingofResponsiveMaterials 352
14.3.1 ShapeMemoryPolymers 352
14.3.2 Hydrogels 355
14.3.3 LiquidCrystallineElastomers 356
14.4 4DPrintingTowardSoftRobotics 358