Mechanical, Thermal and Hygric Properties of Buildings Materials

170 Pages·2014·9.235 MB·English

by  Eva Vejmelkova, Jan Zatloukal, Pavel Reiterman

Mechanical, Thermal and
Hygric Properties of
Buildings Materials
Edited by
Eva Vejmelková
Jan Zatloukal
Pavel Reiterman
Mechanical, Thermal and
Hygric Properties of
Buildings Materials
Selected, peer reviewed papers from the
1st International Doctoral Conference on
Advanced Materials,
July 23-25, 2014, Zahrádky, Czech Republic
Edited by
Eva Vejmelková, Jan Zatloukal and Pavel Reiterman
Copyright  2014 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland

All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the
publisher.

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Volume 982 of
Advanced Materials Research
ISSN print 1022-6680
ISSN cd 1022-6680
ISSN web 1662-8985

Full text available online at http://www.scientific.net

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Preface
This book summarizes selected papers of student conference focused on the study of
properties of building materials. Presented papers deal with investigation of materials
properties of conventional and also innovative building materials. The knowledge of particular
material properties is essentially for successful design of structures, that is the reason why
studies of basic physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal, hygric, technological and transport
properties were included into this book. Experimental programs of present contributions were
performed according standard system of EN and ISO but for the design of building structures
is important to predict behaviour of used materials on the end of their supposed lifetime
which could be number of decades. That is the reason why nowadays is necessary to apply
advanced numerical and computation methods to determine of long-term durability. Last
mentioned sophisticated instrument based on the theoretical principals is important to be
verified in real conditions; science would be extremely boring and sterile without an
experiment. Presented papers bring wide database of testing methods and materials
properties which could be used in all branches of civil engineering.

Pavel Reiterman
Scientific committee
- chairman: Prof. Ing. Petr Konvalinka, CSc.
- Prof. Ing. Robert Černý, DrSc.
- Prof. Mrg. Jan Toman, DrSc.
- Doc. Ing. Zbyšek Pavlík, Ph.D.
- Doc. Ing. Karel Kolář, CSc.
- Ing. Eva Vejmelková, Ph.D.
- Ing. Martin Keppert, Ph.D.
- Ing. Jan Zatloukal, Ph.D.
- Ing. Pavel Reiterman, PhD.

Acknowledgement
Publishing of presented book was supported by CTU in Prague project No. SVK 02/14/F1,
which is gratefully acknowledged.
Table of Contents
Preface, Committee and Acknowledgement
Analysis of Thermal Conductivity of Lime Plaster with Pozzolanic Addition by Different
Homogenization Techniques
J. Fořt, L. Fiala, M. Pavlíková, Z. Pavlík and R. Černý 1
Moisture Transport Properties of Hydrophilic Mineral Wool
J. Pokorný, M. Pavlíková, J. Žumár, Z. Pavlík and R. Černý 6
Application of TDR Method for Moisture Profiles Measurement in Cellular Concrete
L. Fiala, M. Pavlíková and Z. Pavlík 11
Adsorption of Water Vapor in Selected Sandstone Influenced by Different Method of
Measurement Using Dynamic Vapor Sorption Device
J. Žumár and Z. Pavlík 16
Effect of Porosity on Mechanical and Hygric Properties of Concrete with Natural Pozzolan
Addition
T. Kulovaná, P. Rovnaníková, Z. Pavlík and R. Černý 22
Effect of Zeolite Admixture on Freeze/Thaw Resistance of Concrete Exposed to the
Dynamic Climatic Conditions
V. Kočí, M. Jerman, J. Maděra and R. Černý 27
Influence of Casting Direction on the Mechanical Properties of Cementitious Fiber
Reinforced Composites
M. Tvarog and J. Fornůsek 32
Restrained Shrinkage Test of High Performance Concrete Ring Specimen
A. Zemanová, R. Sovják and J. Litos 38
Retention Curves of Different Types of Sandstone
M. Záleská, M. Pavlíková, Z. Pavlík and R. Černý 44
Comparison of Two Different Modes of Inverse Analysis Used for Determination of
Moisture Diffusivity of Building Materials
J. Kočí, Z. Pavlík and R. Černý 49
Determination of Hygric Properties of Hollow Brick Block as a Function of Moisture
Content
T. Korecký, M. Jerman and R. Černý 54
Production and Use of the Textile Reinforced Concrete
F. Vogel 59
Moisture Migration in High Strength Concrete
M. Benáková, T. Kulovaná and M. Jerman 63
Application of Digital Optical Microscopy in Materials and Mechanical Engineering:
Optical Porosimetry and Crack Detection
K. Ďurana and R. Černý 68
Mechanical Behavior of the Cement Mortar with High Amount of Municipal Solid Waste
Incineration (MSWI) Bottom Ash as an Alternative Aggregate
K. Polozhiy, M. Keppert, M. Jogl and R. Černý 74
A Comparative Study on Thermal Properties of Two Types of Concrete Containing Fine
Ceramic Waste and Burnt Clay Shale as a Supplementary Material
L. Scheinherrová, A. Trník, E. Vejmelková, P. Reiterman, I. Medved and R. Černý 79
Numerical Study of the Influence of Internal Blast on the Earth Covered Composite Arch
J. Fornůsek and J. Zatloukal 84
Heat and Water Vapor Transport Properties of Selected Commercially Produced Plasters
M. Čáchová, D. Koňáková, E. Vejmelková, M. Keppert, K. Polozhiy and R. Černý 90
Fracture Surface Measurement of Concrete with Respect to Loading Speed
M. Mára and P. Maca 94
Thermal Properties of Selected Timbers
D. Koňáková, M. Čáchová, E. Vejmelková, M. Keppert and R. Černý 100
Pore Structure and Thermal Characteristics of Clay Bricks
M. Čáchová, D. Koňáková, E. Vejmelková, M. Keppert, K. Polozhiy and R. Černý 104
New Type of Lightweight Gypsum-Based Material
A. Vimmrová 108
b Mechanical, Thermal and Hygric Properties of Buildings Materials
Residual Strength of Thermally Loaded Mortars with Treated Municipal Solid Waste
Incineration Fly Ash Used as Supplementary Cementitious Material
M. Keppert and K. Polozhiy 114
Influence of Different Mechanical Properties to the Concrete Penetration Resistance
T. Vavřiník and J. Zatloukal 119
Influence of High-Temperature on Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in Aluminous Cement
Based Fibre Composites
M. Jogl, P. Reiterman, O. Holčapek and J. Koťátková 125
Development and Mix Design of HPC and UHPFRC
P. Reiterman, M. Jogl, V. Baumelt and J. Seifrt 130
Properties of Cement Composites Containing Coir Pith
E. Vejmelková, D. Koňáková, A. Krojidlová, V. Hovorková, M. Čáchová, P. Reiterman and R.
Černý 136
Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Aluminous Cement under High Temperatures
O. Holčapek, P. Reiterman and P. Konvalinka 141
Destructive and Non-Destructive Testing of High Temperature Influence on Refractory
Fiber Composite
O. Holčapek, P. Reiterman, M. Jogl and P. Konvalinka 145
Differences in the Properties of Arenaceous Marlstones from Different Quarries
E. Vejmelková, M. Čáchová, D. Koňáková, M. Keppert, P. Reiterman and R. Černý 149
Cement Composites for High Temperature Applications
D. Koňáková, E. Vejmelková, V. Spedlova, K. Polozhyi and R. Černý 154
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 982 (2014) pp 1-5
© (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.982.1
Analysis of Thermal Conductivity of Lime Plaster with Pozzolanic
Addition by Different Homogenization Techniques
Jan Fořt1, a, Lukáš Fiala1, b, Milena Pavlíková1, c, Zbyšek Pavlík1, d
and Robert Černý1, e
1Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague,
Czech Republic
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Keywords: lime-pozzolan plaster, thermal conductivity, moisture content, effective media theory,
transient impulse method, homogenization formulas
Abstract. Thermal conductivity of lime-pozzolan plaster is analyzed in the paper. At first,
determination of basic physical properties of tested material is done for its basic characterization, as
well as for the assessment of input parameters in the subsequent analysis of measured data by
different homogenization techniques. The measurements of thermal conductivity are performed in
dependence on moisture content from the dry state to the fully water saturated state using transient
pulse method. Among the homogenization techniques based on effective media theory,
Lichtenecker’s and Dobson’s models are used. The measured data presented in this paper can find
utilization in practical applications of the studied plaster. The analyzed homogenization techniques
are found to be applicable for a rapid evaluation of moisture dependent thermal conductivity.
Introduction
Thermal conductivity as the main parameter describing the heat transport in building materials
appears to be of particular importance for their practical applications. For their use in building
structures there is necessary to take into account that their thermal performance is strictly dependent
on total pore volume, distribution and cross connections of pores. In materials research, thermal
conductivity of dry materials is mainly studied. However, absolutely dry materials never occur in
the conditions of building sites. Also the materials already inbuilt in the structures and exposed to
the climatic loading exhibit the dependence of their properties on moisture changes. If the material
is wet, heat transferred by moisture in the capillaries adds to the density of heat flow rate. Thermal
conductivity of water is approximately 0.560 W/mK [1] which is more than 20 times higher than of
the air (0.025 W/mK). Therefore, if water is present in the pore space, its effect competes with the
effect of air, and the thermal conductivity of a composite material can be considered as a result of
this competition, together with the effect of the solid matrix. On this account, from the practical
point of view, there is necessary to have information on the dependence of thermal conductivity on
moisture content.
Experimental measurement of thermal conductivity of several samples having different moisture
content is quite time consuming and in consequence expensive, new approaches for the assessment
of moisture dependent thermal conductivity have to be explored and tested in materials research.
Homogenization theories working with the concept of an effective medium have proven very
useful in a variety of applications in mechanics and in the theory of electricity and magnetism where
they already belong to well established treatments (see, e.g., [2, 3]). Within the last couple of years,
some references appeared on using the effective media theories for estimation of thermal
conductivity of refractory materials, foams, and polymer-based composites. In spite of very
promising results, the use of homogenization theory for the assessment of thermal conductivity of
lime-based composite materials is still exceptional until now.
2 Mechanical, Thermal and Hygric Properties of Buildings Materials

In this paper we refer about application of homogenization techniques for the assessment of the
moisture dependent thermal conductivity of lime-pozzolan plaster. The measured values of thermal
conductivity are analyzed using homogenization formulas originally derived for application in
electromagnetic field theory taking into account the limiting bounds.
Experimental
Lime-pozzolan plaster that should find use in restoration and reconstruction of historical
buildings was the analyzed material. The plaster was composed of lime hydrate, silica sand (fraction
0 – 2 mm), metakaolin and batch water. Composition of studied material is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Composition of studied plaster
Lime hydrate Water Metakaolin Silica sand
(kg) (kg)
(kg) (kg)
4.8 4.8 0.8 14.4

Studied plaster was characterized by bulk density, matrix density and total open porosity, whereas
these material properties served also as input data for homogenization. Bulk density was determined
on gravimetric principle, matrix density using helium pycnometry. Total open porosity was then
calculated from these two quantities [4]. The experiments were done on 5 cubic samples of side 70
mm. The relative expanded uncertainty of applied testing method was expected 5%. The measured
values of basic material parameters are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Basic physical properties of tested plaster
Bulk density Matrix density Total open porosity
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (% m3/m3)
1 695 2 620 35.3

For thermal conductivity measurement, the commercially produced device ISOMET 2114 (Applied
Precision, Ltd.) was used as a representative of transient pulse methods. The measuring device
applies a dynamic measurement method which enables to reduce the period of thermal conductivity
measurements to approximately 10 - 15 minutes [5]. The measurement is based on analysis of the
temperature response of the analyzed material to heat flow impulses. The heat flow is induced by
electrical heating using a resistor heater having a direct thermal contact with the surface of the
sample. The measurement accuracy is in thermal conductivity range 0.015 – 0.70 W/mK 5 % of
reading + 0.001 W/mK and 10 % of reading in measurement range 0.7 – 6.0 W/mK. The
measurements were done in laboratory conditions at average temperature 23 ± 1°C using surface
circular sensor. The material samples were first dried and after that exposed to liquid water for
specific time intervals. In this way, the different moisture content of the studied samples was
reached. The sample size for thermal conductivity measurement was 70 x 70 x 70 mm.