Mechanical behaviour of salt : proceedings of the 7th Conference on the Mechanical Behavior of Salt, Paris, France, 16-19 April 2012

506 Pages·2012·28.82 MB·English

by  P Berest

This collection of papers on research into and management of underground Editors MECHANICAL
Bérest
structures in salt formations represents the state-of-the-art on applications of salt
Ghoreychi
mechanics in mines and storage caverns for gas/hydrocarbon, radioactive waste and BEHAVIOR OF SALT
Hadj-Hassen
toxic waste disposal. The contributions cover laboratory experiments, constitutive Tijani
numerical modeling and field investigations, and deal with creep, damage, thermo- VII
hydro-mechanical and chemical-coupled effects, lessons learnt from real sites and
structures and in-situ monitoring. The book is organized into eight topics:
• Laboratory investigations and constitutive modeling
• Coupled processes and hydro-chemical effects (THMC)
BM
• Field measurements and back-analyses
E
• Numerical modeling E
H
C
• Dry mining, post-mining and backfilling
A
H
• Liquid hydrocarbon storage and brine-production caverns V
A
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• Gaseous hydrocarbon storage and compressed air energy storage
ON
• Hazardous and radioactive waste disposal
RI
C

O
A
Mechanical Behavior of Salt VII will appeal to academics, engineers and professionals
FL
involved in salt mechanics.
S
A
L
T

V
I
I
Editors:
P. Bérest
M. Ghoreychi
F. Hadj-Hassen
M. Tijani
an informa business
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF SALT VII
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 7TH CONFERENCE ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF SALT,
PARIS, FRANCE, 16–19 APRIL 2012
Mechanical Behavior of Salt VII
Editors
Pierre Bérest
École Polytechnique, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Solides (LMS), France
Mehdi Ghoreychi
Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), France
Faouzi Hadj-Hassen & Michel Tijani
MINES ParisTech, Centre de Géosciences, France
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CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Version Date: 20120410
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Mechanical Behavior of Salt VII – Bérest, Ghoreychi, Hadj-Hassen & Tijani (eds)
2012 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-62122-9
Table of contents
Foreword ix
Acknowledgements xi
Conference organization xiii
Topic 1: Laboratory investigations and constitutive modeling
The distribution of fluids in natural rock salt to understand deformation mechanisms 3
G. Desbois, J.L. Uraï, J. Schmatz, P. Zavada & H. de Bresser
Advanced strain-hardening approach: A powerful creep model for rock salt with dilatancy,
strength and healing 13
R.-M. Günther & K. Salzer
Soft interlayer effect on the mechanical behavior of bedded salt rock 23
W. Liang, Y. Zhao, S. Xu & M.B. Dusseault
Analysis of surface cracks growth and damage in salt rock under uniaxial compression 31
J. Chen, D.Y. Jiang, S. Ren, H.F. Qiu & C.H. Yang
Full field investigation of salt deformation at room temperature: Cooperation
of crystal plasticity and grain sliding 37
M. Bourcier, A. Dimanov, E. Héripré, J.L. Raphanel, M. Bornert & G. Desbois
The CDM constitutive model for the mechanical behavior of rock salt:
Recent developments and extensions 45
A. Hampel
Effect of confining pressure on plastic flow of salt at 125°C 57
N. Muhammad, C.J. Spiers, C.J. Peach & J.H.P. de Bresser
Boudinage of anhydrite in rock-salt matrix: The impact of bulk finite strain geometry 65
G. Zulauf, J. Zulauf, M. Mertineit & J. Hammer
Effect of sylvite content on mechanical properties of potash 71
K.D. Mellegard, L.A. Roberts & G.D. Callahan
Very slow creep tests on rock samples 81
P. Bérest, J.F. Béraud, M. Bourcier, A. Dimanov, H. Gharbi, B. Brouard,
K. DeVries & D. Tribout
Comparison of internal structure and geomechanical properties in horizontally layered
Zechstein rock salt 89
P. Wilkosz, S. Burliga, Ł. Grzybowski & W. Kasprzyk
Effect of insoluble materials on salt behavior during creep tests 97
M. Tijani, F. Hadj-Hassen, A. Rouabhi, J. Schleifer & N. Gatelier
Topic 2: Coupled processes and hydro-chemical effects (THMC)
Simulation of the mechanical deterioration of rock salt at grain scale 107
C. Müller, C. Lerch, K. Otparlik & H. Konietzky
v
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Numerical simulation of coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical processes in rock salt 115
A. Pudewills
Mechanical behaviour of anhydrite rocks: Results of field investigations,
mineralogical-geochemical studies and thermomechanical experiments 123
M. Mertineit, J. Behlau, J. Hammer, M. Schramm & G. Zulauf
Hydraulic integrity of highly soluble carnallite bearing salt rocks 131
T. Popp, D. Weise, K. Salzer & M. Wiedemann
Gas transport properties of rock salt—synoptic view 143
T. Popp, W. Minkley, K. Salzer & O. Schulze
Compaction of salt backfill—new experiments and numerical modelling 155
O. Czaikowski, K. Wieczorek & K.-P. Kröhn
The compaction behaviour of salt backfill at low porosities 161
K.-P. Kröhn, C.L. Zhang, J. Wolf, D. Stührenberg, M. Jobmann, L. von Borstel & C. Lerch
Topic 3: Field measurements and back analyses
In-situ large monitoring and numerical modeling of the loss of stability of salt cavity 171
F. Laouafa, I. Contrucci & X. Daupley
Measurements of humidity-enhanced salt creep in salt mines: Proving the Joffe effect 179
L.L. Van Sambeek
Acoustic Emission monitoring around gas-pressure loaded boreholes in rock salt 185
G. Manthei, J. Philipp, D. Dörner & T. Popp
Measurement and calculation of rock stress in the Morsleben repository 193
S. Fahland & S. Heusermann
Interpretation of convergence movement in room and pillar mining by integrating creep
of salt and swelling of marl under water effect 201
F. Hadj-Hassen, M. Tijani, A. Rouabhi & E. Hertz
Topic 4: Numerical modeling
Salt chamber for the astroparticle detector—LAGUNA project 209
J. Ślizowski, K. Urbańczyk & K. Serbin
A method to evaluate long-term rheology of Zechstein salt in the Tertiary 215
S. Li, S. Abe, J.L. Uraï, F. Strozyk, P.A. Kukla & H. van Gent
Joint projects on the comparison of constitutive models for the mechanical behavior
of rock salt I. Overview of the projects, reference mine for 3-D benchmark calculations,
in-situ measurements and laboratory tests 221
K. Salzer, R.-M. Günther, W. Minkley, T. Popp, M. Wiedemann, A. Hampel, A. Pudewills,
B. Leuger, D. Zapf, K. Staudtmeister, R. Rokahr, K. Herchen, R. Wolters & K.-H. Lux
Joint projects on the comparison of constitutive models for the mechanical behavior
of rock salt II. Overview of the models and results of 3-D benchmark calculations 231
A. Hampel, K. Salzer, R.-M. Günther, W. Minkley, A. Pudewills, B. Leuger, D. Zapf,
K. Staudtmeister, R. Rokahr, K. Herchen, R. Wolters & K.-H. Lux
Dynamic back-calculation of the collapse of the Saint-Maximilien mining field during
mining on rock salt in Varangéville (1873) 241
W. Minkley, P. Bérest, J.P. Schleinig, F. Farkas & V. Böttge
Topic 5: Dry mining, post-mining and backfilling
SVV a self-sealing material for technical barriers in salt mines—experimental results 255
H.-J. Herbert, L. Meyer & U. Hertes
vi
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A risk assessment tool for gas migration interactions between wellbores and potash mines
in S.E. New Mexico 263
S.R. Sobolik, T. Hadgu, R.P. Rechard & K.N. Gaither
Porosity and permeability of crushed and damaged rock salt during compaction 275
D. Stührenberg & O. Schulze
Creep and damage impact on long-term stability of underground structures in salt formations 283
M. Ghoreychi, X. Daupley & F. Laouafa
Preliminary study of the interaction between backfill body and surrounding rock salt mass 293
Y.L. Xu, C.H. Yang, Y.P. Li, Y.T. Guo & W.D. Ji
Injection of sodium silicate solutions into rock salt—long-term behaviour 303
H.-J. Engelhardt, L.E. von Borstel, K. Mengel & Th. Schirmer
Topic 6: Liquid hydrocarbon storage and brine-production caverns
A numerical method for cavity dissolution in salt formation 313
F. Laouafa, H. Luo, M. Quintard & G. Debenest
Analyzing large pressure changes on the stability of large-diameter caverns using
the M-D model 321
S.R. Sobolik & B.L. Ehgartner
Expansion analyses of strategic petroleum reserve in Bayou Choctaw—revised locations 331
B.Y. Park & B.L. Ehgartner
Topic 7: Gaseous hydrocarbon storage and compressed air energy storage
Impact of lab tests on rock salt for an economical optimization of salt caverns 343
U. Düsterloh & K.-H. Lux
Study on the comprehensive evaluation model for the stability of the bedded salt rock
gas storage during the operation period 353
R. Song, B. Yue-ming, J. De-yi, L. Xiao-yong & W. Xin-sheng
The thermo–mechanical behavior of a gas storage cavern during high frequency loading 363
B. Leuger, K. Staudtmeister & D. Zapf
Design of salt caverns for high frequency cycling of storage gas 371
K.-H. Lux & R. Dresen
Mechanical stability of a salt cavern submitted to high-frequency cycles 381
B. Brouard, P. Bérest, H. Djizanne & A. Frangi
The improved IfG gas storage cavern design concept 391
D. Brückner, W. Minkley & A. Lindert
Topic 8: Hazardous and radioactive waste disposal
In-situ verification of a drift seal system in rock salt—operating experience
and preliminary results 401
R. Mauke, J. Stahlmann & M. Mohlfeld
SIERRA mechanics for coupled multi-physics modeling of salt repositories 413
J.G. Argüello & J.S. Rath
Evaluation of rock salt barriers with respect to tightness: Influence of thermomechanical
damage, fluid infiltration and sealing/healing 425
R. Wolters, K.-H. Lux & U. Düsterloh
Thermal-mechanical modeling of a generic high-level waste salt repository 435
D.J. Clayton, J.G. Argüello, Jr., E.L. Hardin, F.D. Hansen & J.E. Bean
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Thermo-mechanical analyses for evaluating a HLW-repository concept 441
C. Lerch, W. Bollingerfehr, W. Filbert & Q. Zhang
Analysis of the integrity of the geological barrier in the Gorleben salt formation 453
S. Heusermann, P. Vogel, R. Eickemeier & H.-K. Nipp
Performance of tight historic drift seals from the viewpoint of current knowledge on EDZ 461
N. Müller-Hoeppe, M. Polster, C. Müller & M. Linkamp
Integrity of salinar barriers under consideration of discontinuum-mechanical aspects 469
W. Minkley, M. Knauth & U. Wüste
Drift sealing elements in the Asse II mine as a component of the emergency
concept—assessment of the hydro-mechanical functionality 479
P. Kamlot, D. Weise, G. Gärtner & L. Teichmann
Author index 491
viii
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Mechanical Behavior of Salt VII – Bérest, Ghoreychi, Hadj-Hassen & Tijani (eds)
2012 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-62122-9
Foreword
The Seventh Conference on the Mechahnical Behavior of Salt continues a long-lasting tradition with the
same objective defined in the first conference foreword (Pennsylvania State University, USA, 1981): “The
objective of the conference was to bring together the expertise of various workers involved in the study
of the mechanical properties of salt [...]”. “This conference provided […] an opportunity to review recent
developments in rapidly expanding field of interest”.
These two sentences are still relevant for the 7th conference. Indeed, on one hand, industrial demand
keeps increasing, seeking the most efficient and safest procedures; on the other hand, experts have access
to increasingly rich data and observations that lead them to frequently reassess the validity of their mod-
els. When a real problem is described by mathematical equations, in addition to conservation laws, consti-
tutive equations are needed. These equations are inherently "weak" because of three particularities that
can be listed with rock salt thermo-mechanical behavior as an example. This is only an illustration; the
philosophy remains the same even for more complex phenomena such as coupled process.
The first particularity is that seeking "the law" is an utopia. Even when designed through a micro-macro
transition approach, most rheological models proposed to describe the thermo-mechanical behavior of
rock salt are based on the axiomatic of C. Truesdell and W. Noll (1965). This axiomatic clearly states
that the constitutive "law" must provide stresses versus strains and temperature histories. This assumes
an uncountable infinity of laboratory tests. This is clearly impossible and specialists are constrained to
propose an "approximate law."
The second particularity is that seeking "an approximate law" is a wager. Using a finite number of labo-
ratory tests (various histories), specialists guess a law that reproduces the results of these tests. The math-
ematical structure of the law can be designed by using micro-macro approach or by adapting an existing
approach. In both cases, improvements are realized most often by adding new degrees of freedom. The
wager then lies in the assumption that the mathematical structure of the law (regardless of parameters
values) which has been validated on a finite number of history cases remains valid for the all possible
uncountable infinity of histories.
The last particularity, but not the least, lies in the challenge performed when fitting "an approximate
law" involving measured physical variables (time, stress, strain, temperature) and parameters which are
determined through a data fitting process. This is a real challenge for two reasons. Firstly, the set of
unknown parameters is not always unique. Secondly, operating conditions do not necessarily ensure a
homogeneous state for the macroscopic variables (stresses, strains and temperature). This complicates the
numerical procedure for parameter fitting and leads researchers to improve experimental procedures and
to increase their number of measured variables.
When it comes to field applications and experiences, the difficulties are magnified (scale effect!). It is
obvious that an accurate description of the “initial” state of a rock mass is again an utopia. The experts’
wager is that a good use of all qualitative and quantitative observations and theoretical models may turn
such a dream into a reality (geophysics, geostatistics, overlap between observations ...). Here, the challenge
of its is more exacerbated. The in-situ observations are often sparse. Their interpretation often needs not
only theoretical and numerical models but also the so called “calibration” with some degrees of freedom
generally explained by the scale effect.
But "one must imagine Sisyphus happy" (Albert Camus): many a well-received interesting publication
shows that the authors' Sisyphus is happy because his rock, at every step, goes higher and drops less. In
fact, the specialists are aware of the high impact on the industrial applications of their scientific distance
and of their justified questioning about not only the models but also the proposed solutions.
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