MEASURING SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR AND RISK IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Measurement and Instrumentation in Psychology Measuring Self-Concept Across the Lqe Span: Issues and Instrumentation Barbara M. Byrne Measuring Suicidal Behavior and Risk in Children and Adolescents David B. Goldston Psychological Assessment in Medical Rehabilitation Edited by Laura A. Cushman and Marcia J. Scherer Measuring Suicidal Behavior and Risk in Children and Adolescents David B. Goldston A M E R I C A N P S Y C H O L O G I C A L A S S O C I A T I O N W A S H I N G T O N , D C Copyright 0 2003 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by American Psychological Association 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002 www.apa.org To order Tel: (800) 3742721; Direct: (202) 3365510 APA Order Department Fax: (202) 3365502; TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123 P.O. Box 92984 Online: www.apa.org/books/ Washington, DC 20090-2984 E-mail: [email protected] In the U.R, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, copies may be ordered from American Psychological Association 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden, London WC2E 8LU England Typeset in New Baskerville by World Composition Services, Inc., Sterling, VA Printer: United Book Press, Inc., Baltimore, MD Cover Designer: Berg Design, Albany, NY Technical/Production Editor: Rosemary Moulton The opinions and statements published are the responsibility of the author, and such opinions and statements do not necessarily represent the policies of the American Psychological Association. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goldston, David B. Measuring suicidal behavior and risk in children and adolescents / David B. Goldston. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59147-008-0 (alk. paper) 1. Children-Suicidal behavior-Diagnosis. 2. Teenagers-Suicidal behavior-Diagnosis. 3. Children-Suicidal behavior-Psychological testing. Teenagers-Suicidal behavior-Psychological testing. 5. 4. Psychological tests for children-Evaluation. 6. Youth-Psychological testing-Evaluation. I. Title. RJ506S9G65 2003 618.92’858445075-dc21 2003005155 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. Printed in the United States of America First Edition Contents List of Measures vii Acknowledgments xi t. Overview 1 Chapter 1. Introduction: Measuring Suicidal Behaviors and Risk 3 Chapter 2. Conceptual and Definitional Issues 13 11. Detection Instruments 21 Chapter 3. Structured and Semistructured Psychiatric Diagnostic Interviews 23 Chapter 4. Interviews Specifically Focused on Suicidal Behaviors and Clinician-Rated Indices 65 Chapter 5. Self-Report Inventories and Behavior Checklists 87 Chapter 6. Survey Screening Items for Suicidal Behaviors 123 111. Risk Assessment Other Instruments 145 and Chapter 7. Assessing Risk of Suicidal Behaviors: Self-Report Questionnaires and Clinician Rating Scales 147 Chapter 8. Assessing Risk of Suicidal Behaviors: Multitiered Screening Assessments 205 V vi CONTENTS Chapter Assessing Intent and Lethality of Suicidal Behavior 9. 221 Chapter Other Suicide-Related Instruments 10. 241 Conclusion 25 1 IV. Chapter 11. Summary, Recommendations, and Future Directions 253 References 265 Appendix 29 1 Index 299 About the Author 303 list of Measures Chapter 3. Structured and Semistructured Psychiatric Diagnostic Interviews Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment 25 Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes 27 Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents 28 Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children 31 Dominic-R and Dominic Interactive 37 Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents 40 Kiddie-Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation and Adolescent-Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation 43 Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, School-Age Epidemiologic Version 45 Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, School-Age Lifetime Version 51 Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, School-Age Present State Version 53 Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, School-Age Present and Lifetime Version 57 Pictorial Instrument for Children and Adolescents 59 Chapter 4. Interviews Specifically Focused on Suicidal Behaviors and Clinician-Rated Indices Adolescent Suicide Interview and Multimedia Adolescent Suicide Interview 66 Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised 68 viii LIST OF MEASURES Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 71 Lifetime Parasuicide Count 73 Risk of Suicide Questionnaire 75 Spectrum of Suicidal Behavior Scale of the Child Suicide Potential Scales 77 Suicidal Behaviors Interview 81 Chapter 5. Self-Report Inventories and Behavior Checklists Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher Report Form, and Youth Self-Report 88 Adolescent Psychopathology Scale and Adolescent Psychopathology Scale-Short Form 91 Beck Depression Inventory Suicide Item 94 Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation 97 Children’s Depression Inventory Suicide Item 100 Dimensions of Depression Profile for Children and Adolescents 103 Harkavy Asnis Suicide Scale 106 Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire 109 Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire and Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire for Children 115 Chapter 6. Survey Screening Items for Suicidal Behaviors Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Suicidal Ideation Items (Added to the Original Measure) 124 Challenges and Coping Survey for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth 127 DSM Scale for Depression 130 Indian Health Service Adolescent Health Survey 132 Middle Adolescent Vulnerability Study Survey 134 Midwest Homeless and Runaway Adolescent Project Survey 136 Youth Risk Behavior Survey 138 LIST OF MEASURESix Chapter 7. Assessing Risk of Suicidal Behaviors: Self-Report Questionnaires and Clinician Rating Scales Adapted SAD PERSONS Scale 148 Beck Hopelessness Scale 150 Child-Adolescent Suicidal Potential Index 154 Child Suicide Potential Scales 156 Child Suicide Risk Assessment 160 Expendable Child Measure 162 Firestone Assessment of Self-Destructive Thoughts 163 Hopelessness Scale for Children 165 Inventory of Suicide Orientation-30 169 Life Attitudes Schedule 172 Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory Suicidal Tendency Scale 175 Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale for Adolescents 177 Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory 180 PATHOS 182 Reasons for Living Inventory 184 Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents and Brief Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents 187 Suicide Probability Scale 191 Suicide Resilience Inventory-25 194 Suicide Risk Screen 196 Zung Index of Potential Suicide and Israeli Index of Potential Suicide 197 Chapter 8. Assessing of Suicidal Behaviors: Risk Multitiered Screening Assessments Columbia Teen Screen and Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children 206