Measuring our Effectiveness—a Framework for Monitoring (Manual 3)

12 Pages·2010·1.11 MB·English

Technical Manual 3
August 2009
Measuring our effectiveness— a framework for monitoring
Why measure our impact? How do we show that we are
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Monitoring progress at all levels
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Wildlife and Habitat
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Threats íÜêÉ~íë=~êÉ=êÉÇìÅÉÇK=
Indirect
Outcomes =
Interventions
Outputs
Costs of measuring change
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Living Landscapes Program—Monitoring Effectiveness
Wildlife Conservation Society 2
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Level of confidence
Time to see an impact
_ó= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÅçãéçåÉåíë= íÜ~í= ïÉ= ÄÉJ Before you start—
äáÉîÉ= ~êÉ= Å~ìë~ääó= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= íç= çåÉ= ~åçíÜÉê= create a conceptual model for your project
ïáíÜáå=çìê=éêçàÉÅí= ÅçåÅÉéíì~ä=ãçÇÉäI=ïÉ= ~êÉ= Monitoring the cause-and-effect relationship
~ÄäÉ=íç=íê~ÅÉ=çìê=áãé~Åíë=Ñêçã=áåíÉêîÉåíáçå=íç= between your interventions, the threats that
íÜêÉ~í= íç= ÅçåëÉêî~íáçå= í~êÖÉíK= = fÑ=ïÉ= ÇáÇ= åçí= concern you, and the status of biodiversity that
ãçåáíçê= ~ää= ÅçãéçåÉåíë= ~äçåÖ= É~ÅÜ= Å~ìë~ä= you want to conserve is the key to measuring
ÅÜ~áå= áå= çìê= ãçÇÉäI= áí= ïçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ÇáÑÑáÅìäí= íç= effectiveness. Given this, we assume that you
âåçï= ÅçåÅäìëáîÉäóI= Ñçê= Éñ~ãéäÉI= íÜ~í= ~å= çÄJ have already selected conservation targets,
ëÉêîÉÇ= ÅÜ~åÖÉ= áå= íÜÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= ÑáëÜ= ~í= íÜÉ= identified key threats, and prioritized
ëé~ïåáåÖ= ëáíÉ= ï~ë= áå= êÉëéçåëÉ= íç= íÜÉ= êÉÇìÅJ interventions. We also assume that you have
íáçå=áå=áääÉÖ~ä=Öáää=åÉííáåÖ=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ= developed a conceptual model for your project
that explicitly defines what components of
Åç~ëí= Öì~êÇ= é~íêçäë= íÜ~í= ïÉêÉ= çêÖ~åáòÉÇX= ~ää=
biodiversity you want to conserve (conservation
íÜ~í=ïÉ=ïçìäÇ=âåçï=Ñçê=ÅÉêí~áå=áë=íÜ~í=ãçêÉ=
targets), characterizes what human activities
ÑáëÜ=~ééÉ~êÉÇ=~í= íÜÉ= ëé~ïåáåÖ= ëáíÉK= =tÉ=ã~ó=
threaten these targets (direct threats), the roles
åÉîÉê=âåçï=ïáíÜ=~ÄëçäìíÉ=~ëëìê~åÅÉ=íÜ~í=çìê=
that resource users, managers and policy-makers
~Åíáçåë= ~êÉ= êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ= Ñçê= êÉÇìÅÉÇ= íÜêÉ~íë=
play that lead to or facilitate these direct threats
~åÇ= áãéêçîÉÇ= ïáäÇäáÑÉ= ÅçåëÉêî~íáçåI= é~êíáÅìJ
(contributing factors or indirect threats), and the
ä~êäó= áå= ä~êÖÉI= ÅçãéäÉñ= ä~åÇëÅ~éÉë= ~åÇ= ëÉ~J
strategies (or interventions) that you plan on
ëÅ~éÉë=ïÜÉêÉ=ãìäíáéäÉ=~Åíçêë=~åÇ=~ÖÉåÅáÉë=~êÉ=
implementing to reduce threats and improve the
ïçêâáåÖK= = eçïÉîÉêI= ìåäÉëë= ïÉ= ãçåáíçê= çìê=
status of your conservation targets. Instructions
éêçÖêÉëë=~äçåÖ=íÜÉëÉ=Å~ìë~ä=ÅÜ~áåë=Ñêçã=áåíÉêJ
for selecting targets, ranking and mapping threats,
îÉåíáçåëI=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜêÉ~íëI=íç=ÅçåëÉêî~íáçå=í~êJ
prioritizing interventions and creating project
ÖÉíëI=ïÉ=ïáää=åçí=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ= íç= íÉëí=çìê=~ëëìãéJ
conceptual models are available in a set of LLP
íáçåë= åçê= Éî~äì~íÉ= íÜÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë= çÑ= çìê=
Technical Manuals. To request any of these in
ÅçåëÉêî~íáçå=áåîÉëíãÉåíëK=
PDF, please write to
Setting priorities and allocating ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÉñíêÉãÉäó=ìëÉÑìä=Äìí=ïçìäÇ=êÉèìáêÉ=
åÉï=ÑìåÇáåÖ=íç=çÄí~áåX=~åÇ=EQF=ïÜ~í=áåÑçêã~J
scarce resources to monitoring
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áå=çìê= ÅçåÅÉéíì~ä=ãçÇÉä= áë= íç= ÖÉí= íÜÉ= ÅçåëÉåëìë=
Hint: It makes sense to number each
çÑ= ~= âåçïäÉÇÖÉ~ÄäÉ= Öêçìé= çÑ= ÑáÉäÇ= ëí~ÑÑK= = qÜÉåI=
component of your conceptual model
ìëáåÖ= ~= aÉäéÜá= éêçÅÉëë= EáKÉKI= ~å= ÉñéÉêí= ÖêçìéÛë=
sequentially, starting with the conservation
ÅçåëÉåëìë=ÄÉëí=ÖìÉëëFI=ÇÉÅáÇÉW=ENF=ïÜáÅÜ=ãçåáíçêJ target(s), then the direct threats and
áåÖ= áåÑçêã~íáçå= íÜÉ= éêçàÉÅí= êÉèìáêÉë= ~åÇ= ãìëí= contributing factors, and finally the strategies.
~ääçÅ~íÉ=êÉëçìêÅÉë= íç=Ö~íÜÉêáåÖX= EOF=ïÜ~í= äÉîÉä=çÑ= If you decided to create multiple models to
éêÉÅáëáçå=áë=åÉÉÇÉÇ=íç=ÑÉÉä=ÅçåÑáÇÉåí=áå=ã~âáåÖ=~= clearly depict the logic of your project, use one
ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí= ÇÉÅáëáçåX= EPF= ïÜ~í= áåÑçêã~íáçå= sequential number system across all models.
Contributing Factor (11)
Lack of alternative
livelihoods
Strategy (23) Strategy (22) Strategy (21) Strategy (20)
Engage Conduct pilot Train & hire Small business,
fishermen in study on fish displaced tour guide & fly-
Contributing Factor (6)
enforcement aggregation fishermen for fishing training
Poverty in fishing
devices monitoring
communities
Contributing Contributing
S
Ttraitne rgayn g(e1r9s) DSe
atvrweaaltoreepgn aye sp(su2 &b4l )ic High Fmaacrtkoert (d9e)mand TradFitaiocntaol r/ (c7u)ltural CoTnasrgeervt a(t1io)n
education activity Restore viable
campaign populations of
spawning
Nassau groupers
GOAL
Promote the
Conservation conservation
Contributing Factor
Direct Threat (4) Target (2) and
(10)
Unsustainable & Sustain viable sustainable
Weak enforcement &
illegal fishing population of use of the
management
Conch marine
resources of
Contributing Factor (8) Glover's Reef
Inadequate protective Atoll
legislation
Conservation
Strategy (18) Strategy (17) Strategy (16) Target (3)
Establish & Lobby for Use socioeconomic Maintain viable
strengthen restriction on methods to population of
multi- spearfishing document value of Caribbean Reef
organizational marine resources Shark
partnerships Contributing
Factor (12)
Lack of key
management data
Strategy (28) Strategy (27) Strategy (26) Strategy (25)
Monitor status of Monitor status of Monitor recovery of Collect fisheries
CRS using tagging Conch using LAMP Nassau grouper spawning catch data
& long-lining site using counts
Strategy (24) Contributing Contributing Factor Strategy (15)
Develop a public Factor (14) (13) Facilitate
awareness & Lack of general Limited community stakeholder
education campaign awareness participation involvement
Contributing
Factor (5)
Lack of support
from fishers
Figure 2: An example of a conceptual model, created using PowerPoint.
Two causal chains are highlighted with blue and lavender arrows.
Living Landscapes Program—Monitoring Effectiveness
Wildlife Conservation Society 4
Information for decision making íçW= ENF= êÉîáÉï= íÜÉ= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= áåÑçêã~íáçåX= EOF=
Åçãé~êÉ= íÜÉ= êÉëìäíë= íç= íÜÉ= ÉñéäáÅ~íÉÇ= Öç~äë= íÜ~í=
jçåáíçêáåÖ= áë= ìëÉÑìä= çåäó= áÑ= áí= äÉ~Çë= íç= áãJ
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éêçîÉÇ= ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí= ÇÉÅáëáçåëK= = qÜÉêÉÑçêÉI=
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ãçåáíçêáåÖ= ëÜçïë= íÜ~í= çìê= ÉÑÑçêíë= ~êÉ= åçí=
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~ë= éä~ååÉÇ= ~åÇ= íÜìë= åÉÉÇ= íç= ~Ç~éí= çìê= ïçêâJ
ÄÉ=áÑI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=çìê=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=ëÜçïë=íÜ~í=
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íÜÉ= íçí~ä=ïÉáÖÜí= çÑ= ÑáëÜ= ä~åÇáåÖë= ~í= íÜÉ= äçÅ~ä=
çìê=áåíÉêîÉåíáçåë=ïÉêÉ=áãéäÉãÉåíÉÇ=ïÉää=Äìí=íÜ~í=
éçêí= áë= ãìÅÜ= äÉëë= íÜ~å= ïÉ= ÉñéÉÅíÉÇX= çê= íÜ~í=
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íÜÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= ëå~êÉë= ÉåÅçìåíÉêÉÇ= Äó= ÉÅçJ
áãé~ÅíëI=~åÇ=íÜìë=ïÉ=åÉÉÇ=íç=êÉíÜáåâ=íÜÉ=~ëëìãéJ
Öì~êÇë=Ü~ë=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~å=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=~ë=
íáçåë=áåÜÉêÉåí=áå=çìê=ÅçåÅÉéíì~ä=ãçÇÉä\=
ïÉ=ÜçéÉÇK=
=
=
^= âÉó= ÅçãéçåÉåí= çÑ= ~åó=ãçåáíçêáåÖ= éä~å= áë=
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~å=ÉñéäáÅáí=éêçÅÉëë=Ñçê=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=åÉï=áåÑçêã~J
interventions is often referred to as performance
íáçå= çÄí~áåÉÇ= íÜêçìÖÜ= ëíê~íÉÖáÅ= áåÑçêã~íáçå=
monitoring (i.e., how many training sessions we
Ö~íÜÉêáåÖ=íç=ÖìáÇÉ=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ÇÉÅáëáçåëK==^ë=
performed or how many ecoguard patrols were
ãçåáíçêáåÖ= Ç~í~= ~êÉ= çÄí~áåÉÇI= éêçàÉÅí= ëí~ÑÑ= completed). Documenting changes in threats is
ëÜçìäÇ=ÖÉí=íçÖÉíÜÉê=~í=äÉ~ëí=OJP=íáãÉë=éÉê=óÉ~ê= often called outcome monitoring, and tracking
changes in the status of conservation targets is
called impact monitoring.
Figure 3: An example conceptual model created in Miradi, with two causal chains
(highlighted with pink and blue arrows).
Living Landscapes Program—Monitoring Effectiveness
Wildlife Conservation Society 5
Institutionalizing monitoring
låÉ= âÉó= íç= ÉåëìêáåÖ= íÜ~í= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= ~Åíì~ääó=
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ãçåáíçêáåÖ= áë= ìëÉÇ= íç= ÖìáÇÉ= ÑìíìêÉ=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=
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íÜÉ= ~ååì~ä= ÄìÇÖÉí= éêçÅÉëëI= ~åÇ= íç= áåÅäìÇÉ= ~= êÉJ
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~ååì~ä=êÉéçêíë=~åÇ=~ååì~ä=ïçêâéä~åëK=
=
Converting a conceptual model into
a monitoring framework
=
=
fÇÉ~ääóI= É~ÅÜ= çÄàÉÅíáîÉ= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉW= ENF= áãé~Åí=
Setting quantitative objectives and choosing
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indicators
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Living Landscapes Program—Monitoring Effectiveness
Wildlife Conservation Society 6
«=gÉÑÑêó=lçåâ=C=j~êäÉÉå=^òáåâ=
«=a~îáÇ=táäâáÉLt`p=
Creating a monitoring framework
Hint: While you are putting together a framework for
^í=áíë=ãçëí=Ä~ëáÅI=óçì=Å~å=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~=ãçåáíçêJ monitoring, it is a good time to review the logic of
áåÖ= í~ÄäÉ= áå=jáÅêçëçÑí=tçêÇ= çê= bñÅÉä= ïáíÜ= your project’s conceptual model and your choice of
ëáñ= ÅçäìãåëK= cáêëíI= íóéÉ= Ú`çãéçåÉåí= qóéÉÛ= priority interventions. For each causal link between
áå= íÜÉ= íçé= çÑ= íÜÉ= äÉÑíJãçëí= ÅçäìãåK= = qÜÉåI= a conservation target and a direct threat, or
ÉåíÉê=áåíç=íÜÉ=íçé=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëìÅÅÉÉÇáåÖ=Åçäìãåë= between two threats, or between a threat and an
Ú`çãéçåÉåí= aÉëÅêáéíáçåIÛ= ÚlÄàÉÅíáîÉIÛ= intervention, ask yourselves this question: do we
ÚfåÇáÅ~íçêIÛ= ÚjÉíÜçÇÛ= ~åÇ= ÚtÜçÛI= êÉëéÉÅJ believe that the causal relationship between A and
íáîÉäóK= = Ú`çãéçåÉåí=qóéÉÛ= êÉÑÉêë= íç= íÜÉ= ÉäÉJ B is sufficiently strong that if we are able to alter A
ãÉåíë=áå=óçìê=éêçàÉÅí=ÅçåÅÉéíì~ä=ãçÇÉä=EáKÉKI= we will likely see a change in B? If not, then the
`çåëÉêî~íáçå=q~êÖÉíI=aáêÉÅí=qÜêÉ~íI=fåÇáêÉÅí= causal relationship may be too weak to observe as
we monitor our project’s progress. If indeed the
qÜêÉ~íI=~åÇ=fåíÉêîÉåíáçåFK==Ú`çãéçåÉåí=aÉJ
causal relationship between, say, an intervention
ëÅêáéíáçåÛ= áë= ~= ëÜçêí= éÜê~ëÉ= ÇÉëÅêáÄáåÖ= É~ÅÜ=
and a threat in the model appears to be very weak,
í~êÖÉíI= íÜêÉ~í= çê= áåíÉêîÉåíáçåK= = ÚlÄÉÅíáîÉÛ= áë=
we then need to ask: should we delete the threat
ïÜ~í= óçì=ï~åí= íç= ~ÅÜáÉîÉ= áå= ~= ÖáîÉå= íáãÉJ
from our model (since it is unlikely to be influenced
Ñê~ãÉK= ÚjÉíÜçÇÛ= ÇÉëÅêáÄÉë= îÉêó= ÄêáÉÑäó= Üçï=
by our actions) or do we need to rethink our
óçì=ïáää= Ö~íÜÉê= íÜÉ=ãçåáíçêáåÖ= áåÑçêã~íáçå=
interventions to more effectively influence the
~åÇ= ÚtÜçÛ= áÇÉåíáÑáÉë= íÜÉ= áåÇáîáÇì~ä=çê= áåëíáJ
threat?
íìíáçå=êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ=Ñçê=Ö~íÜÉêáåÖ=íÜÉ=áåÑçêã~J

íáçåK==båíÉê=~=ëáåÖäÉ=êçï=çÑ=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=áåÑçêJ
For example, suppose that we are working with local
ã~íáçå=Ñçê=É~ÅÜ=ÅçãéçåÉåí=áå=óçìê=ÅçåÅÉéJ
farmers to develop a cooperative to market their
íì~ä= ãçÇÉä= ëí~êíáåÖ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ÅçåëÉêî~íáçå=
crops because we believe this will: a) significantly
í~êÖÉíëI= íÜÉå= íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅí= ~åÇ= áåÇáêÉÅí= íÜêÉ~íëI=
raise the crop prices that they can negotiate from
~åÇ= ÑáåáëÜáåÖ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= áåíÉêîÉåíáçåëK= = cçê=
buyers and thus reduce the incentive to harvest and
Åä~êáíóI=óçì=ã~ó=ïáëÜ=íç=ÅçäçêJÅçÇÉ=íÜÉ=íÉñí=
sell endangered wildlife, and b) help develop
áå=É~ÅÜ=êçï=~ë=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉéíì~ä=ãçÇÉäW=ÄäìÉ=
governance skills that will also enhance their
Ñçê=ÅçåëÉêî~íáçå=í~êÖÉíëI=êÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜêÉ~íë=~åÇ=
capacity to manage community natural resources.
ÖêÉÉå=Ñçê=áåíÉêîÉåíáçåëK===
Suppose also that within our conceptual model we
=
argued that enhanced governance skills might help
cçê=É~ÅÜ=Å~ìë~ä=ÅÜ~áå=óçì=Å~å=~äëç=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~= counter outsider interference in community
ëÉé~ê~íÉ= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= í~ÄäÉ= áå= jáÅêçëçÑí= resource use. But now as we think about
tçêÇ= çê= bñÅÉä= ìëáåÖ= íÜÉ= ë~ãÉ= S= ÅçäìãåëK== monitoring, we realize that there is only likely to be
pí~êíáåÖ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= `çåëÉêî~íáçå= q~êÖÉí= ~åÇ= a very weak relationship between improving local
éêçÖêÉëëáåÖ= Ççïå= íÜêçìÖÜ=aáêÉÅí= ~åÇ= fåÇáJ farmers’ governance skills and management of
êÉÅí=qÜêÉ~íë= íç= fåíÉêîÉåíáçåëI= Åìí= ~åÇ=é~ëíÉ= community natural resources, as the influence that
íÜÉ= êÉäÉî~åí= áåÑçêã~íáçå= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ãçÇÉä= politically and economically powerful outsiders have
ÅçãéçåÉåí=í~ÄäÉ=áåíç=íÜÉ=~ééêçéêá~íÉ=Å~ìë~ä= over access to and use of community natural
ÅÜ~áå=í~ÄäÉK= resources is very large.
=
qÜÉ=ã~àçê=Çê~ïÄ~Åâ=íç=ìëáåÖ=~=ëáãéäÉ=í~ÄäÉ= We would therefore question whether, even if we
are able to show that improved governance capacity
áå=jp=tçêÇ=çê=jp=bñÅÉä=áë=íÜ~í=óçì=Ü~îÉ=íç=
within the farmers’ community has influenced
ÇìéäáÅ~íÉ= áåÑçêã~íáçå= áÑ= óçì= ï~åí= íç= ëÉÉ= ~=
community management of natural resources, we
ãçåáíçêáåÖ=Ñê~ãÉïçêâ=Ñçê=É~ÅÜ=Å~ìë~ä=ÅÜ~áå=
may not see a change in outsider influence over
áå=óçìê= ÅçåÅÉéíì~ä=ãçÇÉäK= = få=~ÇÇáíáçå=óçì=
community resource use. Given this, we would
ïáää= åÉÉÇ= íç= ~ÇÇ= ~= åÉï= ÚmêçÖêÉëëÛ= Åçäìãå=
likely decide to remove the causal link between
É~ÅÜ= óÉ~ê= íç= êÉÅçêÇ= ~åÇ= íê~Åâ= ãçåáíçêáåÖ=
governance capacity and outsider influence within
êÉëìäíë=çîÉê=íáãÉK=qç=çîÉêÅçãÉ=íÜÉëÉ=äáãáí~J
our model. However, we must not then neglect to
íáçåëI= íÜÉ= iáîáåÖ= i~åÇëÅ~éÉë= mêçÖê~ã= Ü~ë=
explore which other interventions our organization
ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ= ~å= É~ëóJíçJìëÉ= ^ÅÅÉëë= a~í~Ä~ëÉ=
might implement to help counter unwanted outsider
íÜ~í=áë=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=çå=çìê=ïÉÄëáíÉK=
interference in local resource management.
Living Landscapes Program—Monitoring Effectiveness
Wildlife Conservation Society 7
Table 1: You can create causal chains in MS Excel or Word. Below is an example created in MS
Word.
Component Component
Objective= Method= Indicator= Who=
Type= Description=
Maintain present Complete Students
Density of red Grouse density
Conservation density of red transect surveys 2 from
grouse maintained (birds/km ) in
Target= grouse in the for numbers of Edinburgh
at 1-3 birds/km2= survey plots=
Pentlands= red grouse/km2= University=
Predation Number of dog
50% reduction in Students
Dogs chase surveys of attacks on
dog attacks on from
Direct Threat= brooding birds off nesting sites nests during
nesting birds by Edinburgh
their nests= throughout breeding
2006= University=
season= season=
Percent of
Contributing Dog owners 90% of dog owners Survey dog Students
surveyed
Factor unaware of their using the Pentlands owners upon from
owners aware
(Indirect pet’s impact on aware of impact by entering the Edinburgh
of pets’ impact
Threat)= birds= 2006= Pentland Hills= University=
on birds=
Dog impact posters Number of
Outreach to dog Simple count of
Strategy on all 15 entrances entrances with National
owners that use entrances with
(Intervention)= to Pentland Hills by dog impact Trust Staff=
the Pentland Hills= posters=
2005= posters=
Complete research Collect predation
Research link Completed
Strategy assessment of dog survey and National
between dogs and research report
(Intervention)= impacts by April nesting success Trust Staff=
nesting success= received=
2004= data=
Some factors to consider

• Monitoring data should explicitly help us make conservation decisions.
• Monitoring data do not have to be perfect; we just need to feel confident in them.
• Gathering data to make a management decision may not require the same rigor as gathering data
to publish in a peer reviewed journal.
• To be sustainable, monitoring data collection methods should be kept as simple and low-cost as
possible.
• Better data are needed:
• When the consequences of making a decision with inadequate or inaccurate information
are severe (e.g., altering reservoir discharge rates without an assessment of avian botulism
risk);
• When the political burden-of-proof is high (e.g., because wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone
was so politically charged, managers needed to radio-collar most of the wolves, at huge
expense, to ensure that information on wolf pack movement patterns and hunting behavior
was both accurate and defensible).
• We should be willing to invest more effort in monitoring when:
• The cost of the intervention is high;
• The threat could result in irreversible change;
• No one else is doing it;
• Gaps in our knowledge are large.
• We should triangulate using easy-to-monitor proxies, if monitoring a target or threat directly is very
difficult or expensive.
Living Landscapes Program—Monitoring Effectiveness
Wildlife Conservation Society 8
Table 2: An example of a Miradi-created Monitoring Framework for an aquatic turtle project.
Budget
Item Details Methods Priority Who
Total
3 Podocnemis
Aquatic Turtle species in the species and 1
National Park Peltocephalus
species

Long-term recovery of
larger populations and
increased natural
abundance of the 4 species
of turtle
Turtle population surveys in the Medium University $20,000
Population size of the 4 park, conducted 4 times a year Students
species of turtles
Hire 6 additional park guards to High Park $30,000
Increase the use of patrol turtle beaches by the end Service
surveillance throughout the of 2010
area
Count number of illegal activities Medium Park $1,000
Number of unlawful acts per year Guards
committed
Count number of patrol days per Medium Park $1,000
Number of surveillance year Guards
actions
Increase patrol of nesting sites Very Park $2,500
Decrease the unmanaged during laying and incubation High Guards
collection of turtle eggs at
the nesting sites
Annual census of turtle egg High Park $1,000
Number of eggs collected collection by polling collectors as Service
they exit the park
Lobby to make the collection of High NGOs, $3,500
Decrease the number of live turtles illegal; increase working
adults captured/killed by at patrols; increase fines for killing with gov’t
least 40% turtles within park borders
Annual census of slaughter/ High Park $1,000
Number of individuals collection of turtles Service
captured/killed
Legend
Target=
Goal=
Objective=
Indicator=
Living Landscapes Program—Monitoring Effectiveness
Wildlife Conservation Society 9
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Wildlife Conservation Society 10 Living Landscapes Program—Monitoring Effectiveness