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Measuring Birds / Vögel Vermessen PDF

62 Pages·2011·12.655 MB·English, German
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18 17 161 5 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 measuribnigr ds v6gevle rmessen editbeyd rIs gH.D :e utscOhren ithologenI-sGcaehfts el Impinr/t lmpressum ,�/ AuthsoI Ar utoren: SiegfErcikte ,dS taatlNiacthuiers htoriSsacmhmel unDgreens dMeuns,e utmu Trierkunde � JugrenF iebMiugs,e u!mU Nra turkuBnedrel in DOIG Wolfgang FMiaexd-lPelra,n ck-lOnrsntiitthuoVtlo og!geUilrew ,aR ratdeo lfzell IirsH eynen, StaMautsleiufcmlh Niearst urkuSntdutet &g Naarut ma-nMunseumK i:ithen BernNdic olMauis,e uHme ineaHnaulmb setradt TiTli:ilpfSeern,c kenNbaetrugtr ohrihisesS cammlunDgreens den, MtuuTsrieeurmk u&n de BioedrisviutnadKt l iFmoar schungszFernatnrkaufmmuM rati n Renavtaen d enE lzeZno,o logiFsocrhhseucsn gsmusAeluemx anKdoeern Biogn n RaffWaienlk lNeart,u rhistoMruissecuBhmae sse l FriedeWroiokgSe,t aatlMiucsheeus!m U Nra turkuSntudtet gart Artworakn dd esi/g Inltlruasnt uinodD esign: NilHso fMfu,s eutmu Nra turkuBnedrel in EditIiR negd atkioneBlelaert buenig: TiTlelp f&e Irir sH eynen PublhieIrsH erausgeber: EAN9 783923757053 DeutscOhren ithologehna-fGcte/o,s l enlslts!icUtVruo tg elcfhournsg, And eVro gelwa2r12t,6e 3 8W6i lheslhamvewnw,w. do-g.de ISB:N [email protected] 97-83-92375-37 -05 PrintIDi rnug:c k druck-zuGcmkb H,Ha lalned eSr aale Disturtiebbdy / Vertdriurecbh : CHRISTM EDINAA TURH,a n-sJosCehfr iP.s0 t.,B o x1 01205D,- 324M0i5n den, [email protected],-. ndaet ur foIr im Auftrag deOrr nDietugh eo-snlGcheoesne chlalfst Content Ihna l tsverniz esi ch Pref.a ce ..5. .. 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Refere.n.ce.s. ...... ... ...............1..40. . ..X.. .L.i.ta.etrur. ...1.0.4 XI.I nxd e .1 10 XI.S ticohrwtrvzeeichnis ..1.1 0 Content MEASURIBNIGR DSV OGELV ERMESSEN lnhtsaevlzreichsn i Preface Vorwort Liek mosstu cphr ojetchtibsso ohka sa longheirs torDyi:se esB uchh atw,i ev iee slohlecWre rkeei,n lea enrge Startfirnoagm f sitri deian2 030,a grouopfa uthorsV oregschicAhustgee:h de vnone rstleedne ni mJ ahr frodmi fferefnite lodfos r nithfoolwroh goym " meas­ 2030 fand ismiH cerhb s2t04 0 einAeu teonrgurppveo n uirnbgi rdissa" v itpaalro tft hediariw loyr tke amed uOpr nithoulnotgseecrinhe dliFcahcehrr ichztuusnagme­n int hae utuomfn2 040.T heayl wle rmeo tivabtyte hde men, dfidl.iear Vs e rmessveonVn o geleniw ne sentlicher raelaitsitohnaa tnu p-toa-tdec,o mprehveent srieatmeBnets tainld eteriw hirsscehntaslficAhrebnei istAt m. An­ of" maesurbiinrgdh sa"ld o nbge eonve rduet haanttdh e fansgt anbdea il ideinEe r ekntnnidsa,s esi naetk uelle, comparaobfmi olripthyo medtartiwaca ashl a mperbey d umfasseBnedaer beidteusTn hge ma,s,o Vgevle rmes­ incotnesniutss oef t ermliongaoyn dme thoTdhsed. e ve­se"n drindg neontwnediwga rd,a b isluannegie nihtlich lopmeonft th bioso wka sm arkbeydm aniyn tievndesi s­verwendBeetger iuffnedM ethoddeiVnee rlgeichbarkeit cussifoninaslr,le ys ulitanit nrugce oe lcltiavceh ievemevnotnM. e ssdaetresnc hwne.rD tieeE nteshtungs edsi e Asp atricuilmoaprrt awnacsep lacoendd e tiealdi ulsltraB­uchweasr d ahevro nv ielen inDtsieknusssiiovneenn tiofnosar c laerr epresenotfta hteci oonnt eonftt sh isg epargta,nd ereEnn de eniuennc htGeesm eicnhsafts­ manuaanel x periegnrcaepddhe isci gjnoeirnt ehtdee ma. produsktte hEtn.t scheiBdeesntdaein lddetee sB uches Thisv olumiesa no utpouftt h per ojgercotu ps olldteetinal tleil eulrslttriaonzeunar n shcaiuclhVeenr­ "OrnithoCloolgliecca"tlw i iotnhtsihnGe e mran Oirtnho­mittlduenslg na hletss eiwnes, hadlabTs ea mb alndo ch logiSsotcsi'(e Dt-OyG i)n whht ihaceu tohrasr aec titvoe ume ienne rafherneGnra fiekrewre iwtuerrdte . propagtahtieem o prtaonfcm eus euomr niltohgoy. Dasv orlieWgeernikds eeti Rne stualdte Tra itgekit 5 Prfeace MEASURBIINGR DSV OGELV ERMESSEN Vorwort 5 6 Perface MEASRUINBGI DRS VOGELV ERMESSEN Vorwort 6 Thibsr anocfoh r nhiotlogriecsaelai rsc hws rtoinlglclo yn ­derP rjoektgr.uO.pr ptnehi ologSiasmcmhleu ngdeenr" sideedor dl-fhaoisneadn dlt itilnev naotiAvneo.t hpeori ntD eutscOhrennoi ltohg-eGsneelclhas(fDt-O G)i.nd esri ch itsh seu pposeeldilptyoi ssitot fit ohcneo mparafteiwv edliyAe u toerenangg ieenr, uBme ddieeut duenMrgu s eum­s professoironnilatolhg oiisnrt esl attoi ontf hager r eateorr nithnoalcoahgu ei!Snez ut argen. numebro fm ainalmya tefuireo lrdn ithtosIl.nor geiiatsly, DiseerB ereidcehro rtnhiologiFsocrhsuecnnh g thes upposgeadp b etwefeine alnddm useuomr nithwoildr­ zuU nerchitm menro cahl asl tmsocdhui ndw enig ogyi sm uchn arrotwheargn e neraaslsluym eBdo.t h invnaotaingve sheenH.iz nuk ommdti vee rmeinetl­liich stutdhyde i verosfbi ritdyas n dt heriolrei snt he ecostyasrP­eo sitdeizroah nel nma!Suingtr eerprasenbteireurft­en temst;h eo nldyif ferenbceei tnhgfe a ctth atth feo cusl ciheOnr intholgoeggieen udbeerFr e lndtiohrolodgiiee , in meuusmo rnithloiloeonspg rye seriv.edede.,a b di rdsv on eingerro !SveiZreaelhhn l a utpsalchihi cnd eFrr eizeit wherefaiseo lrdn ithoalromeg aiisntclsoy n cerwnietdh aktiOvreinrt holaouggseenut bw irTdat.s achilsidtci he livbiinrgid nst heir nsaurtrounurdailnF gostr.h e telra,ts cheinKblatuzr fwei scFheelnud n-dM useumosrnhiotlo­ scienbtiirrfdii ncg iison fpg r iimmeop rtance. giaeb er gveireilna gllesnar d ulfaviegr mutBeeti.dT eeinl ­ Botdhi scipalrineno etos n lcyo mpletmaerbnyu t diszipilsgiten meenai mn,sd ass dsiVieie e ldfeaVrlo gte l alosu smea niyd entmiectahdlosA . s pecrioalilesp l ayedu ndi her RolilmeO kosystzeuem r grunvdeserunc hen, byt htea xidtesrw mhios ai wna ya cats m ediatobres­ nudra sssi cmhu semusornitholAorgbiessiccthh w­ee r tweefni eolrdn ithoalnodmg uissetusrm e searchersp.u ntkma!Saiugkf o nservailesrot eVt,ogo etgelr undet, Thibso oiks i ntenadsea dni ntaetgiravpepo rach wahresnidc Fhed lornithmoilloteg beenn Vdogene linn tob ritnogg etohrenri thoflroogvmia srtifsoi uesol fdi sn ­ihrneamt urlUimcfheelbnde fsaesnF.u lre tzterdeise hat terestt ofa unrdtt hheer excbheatnwgeete hnde if ferenwti ssenschVaogfetbllenircgihuene gi nueb erragBeen­de brancohfeo sr niltohgeoyv eanf tperri nngtF.ii anllwye, deuntgu. hopfeo hrit nsf romt haolwslhe ou steh ibsoo ikne very­ BeidFaec rhihctungeerng ansziecnnhci hntu hre ­r dayp ractice caannm da kwsehu og gesftoiproo nsissb lev oargrensdo,n debrenun tzzenu deemi nVei elizdaehnl­ improevments. tiscMheetrhd oenE.i nbee sondReorlel e sdpaibeelie n Quitae n umebro fc olleahgeueledpsu sw ith aucdhi zeo oogliscPhreanp arna,dt iogere ewisserma!Sen wordasn dd eedasn dl,a sbtu tno tl eatshte ir tot imdeiS ec htnsittezlwlies cFheedlnf orusncguh ndM useums­ realisbeo otSkhp.ie sct ihaalng koso P hJioln easn dR ob ornhio lodgaires tellen. DeisesB uchs oialu ceh init negratBievietrr ag aRlosbnloisoi nktf eoot irhm aponKvrnkaiyg Ft uhhmeEra nngnlA,vin esisrGhtia aoWm nea. wu Jofou,hl nd seiOnr,in tholuontgeerns chieldnltiecrheesrs ensgebiete HutcihnosnB,e rnLedi s,lS etrenfiaRei cVko,l kSearl ewskzD1ur,su eacgmkumlnedgneAz nuu sbuutrnsaidcazn huwgd siersnkuc cldhhie encvnnoe crnhsia cechddhee nre n TimS chmollr,k hBaSurtedp haDna,r iSutsi aenldsD ietero rnithcohleToneig liidsszipflodirenreSnnc. h lieh!Solfifcehn ThomaTsie tfzoterh ehierlw pi tvha riqouuess tainodn sw ir Haniuwfe iaslej lee nrd,i dea sB uhc 1nd er Praxis probldeumirsn tgh e wroiftt hiibnosgo k. bentuzeunn d eveelnlVteeru bessevrournslgcashgeei n- brinwgoelnnl .e . Thea uthors VieKloell geinnuenndK olgleenh abeunn s1 nv e-r scihedenPehna sdeenrE n teshtundgi esWeesr kems1 t Ratu ndTa t undn iczhutl emtiztit h errZ eiztu Sre 1te gesatndeSno. d ankewni rh erhz lPihciJlo neusn d RobR obionns fUri her gruincdhlBee abre1tudnegr enlgiscahcsihpgreTnei ldee sB uchesK.a yF uhrmna,n AniGtaam auJfo, hHnut hcinsBoenr,nL de 1s,Sl teerfanie Rikc,V olkSearl ewTsikmiS ,cm holBlu,rk haSrtde p�,h a DariSutsi eulnsdD iteeTrh omaTesit zdea nkwe1nrf ur ihrUent ersutnugtb zedie nu nterslcihcihesFdtreang en undP robmleenw aherndd erE rsltleudnige sBeucsh es. DiAeu toren Vorwort 7 MEASURINBGRI DS VOGELV ERMESSEN 7 Perface 8 Whym easuer? MEASRUIGN BIRDSV OGELV ERMSESEN Warumm essen?8 I. Whym easuer? I. Warumm essen? Measiunrlge tnhgsw,ei hgtosr p roptoiroannsdl ikewisMee ssunvgoennL anng,eG ewichotdeenPr r optoironen thec laiscsaitfoifco ant egotrriacaiartlbes a stioco olfs wiea uchd iKel assifvioznki aetreugnlogerM nie arkmalen ornitghyA.om loonmga noyt hpearr ametseizr-esi ,nt o ­ setllGerunn dwerkzdeeuOrgr ein tholdoagrDi.ieG e ro !?,e, taalsw elalsi nd eti-ali saf undatmaeclnh aractienr iisngtseisca mti mw iteDa eiislbt,e V io eglnne bevni elaenn­ bidrsa nd sausca hl saoni mpordtiasnttti ivncecr iterdioenr eMne rkmaeliegnnr undldeegsCe hnarakttiekruims fosrp eciseubss,p ecipeouspal,t ioangseg, r ouapnsd undd amiatuh c einwi cihgteUsnt erhsecidsuknrgite­ sexeMso.er ov,e mreaseumrentpsr oviidfneor matiroinu m ArftUerUn n,et rartPeoupnal,t nieonA,l tersgruppen ont her elaptriovpeo rotfib oidnrssb' o diaetds i fferentu ndG eschlecDhartle.irhb.ie rn aguesb eMnes sstrecken taxonolmeivcea lnsdt hucsh aracteirdinisvei dauna Alu'ssk tl.ienl.i fbePrr opioornteanm V oeglokrpearu fd en ora taxomno'rsp hgoyla,on di nc ombitniaowni tehc o­versicehndsetnet axonomiEsbcehneuennn dc h arakteri­ logidcaatlaa ol wl studioefe sc omorpholqougeisc­saile rdeandc uhrd iMeo rpholdoegsli dnei viduoudmesr tio(nL sE ISL1E79R21 ,79 5,L EISL&E WRI NLKER1 991, deTsax onwsa,s w iederiumVm er bunmdio tk ologischen WINKL&E RL EISL1E99R2) Thipse rmiftoisrn, ts ance,O atedni eB earbeiotkuonmgo rpholoFgriasgcehsetre l­ consiadteiroofnt htey plim coarhpologaittcrailb utesl uonfg( eELnI SL1E79R2 ,1 795L, EISL&EWRI NKL1E9R9 1, migartobriyr pdesr haopros f,c eritnea cologgiucialld sW.IN KLER& LEILSER1 992)e rmoglSiocl hats.ss einc h Att hep hysilceavlem le,a seumrentos f wingt aainlbd e isspwieeilAsues sazgeutn y pismcohrepnh ologischen canb eu sed dtesoc rfilbtiec g hharactearnidfsg lthiitc sE igecnhsafvtoenn Zugvoodgeverol nbn e stimmoktoe­n enegreti(cEPsN NYCUIC1K98 9,R AYNER1 9951 Finlay,l logisGcihdelennt reefnAf.u fp hsyikiaslchEebre ndei e­ comparoifst ohne smee aseumren-tistf h ehya vbee en nenM essunagneF nlg ueuln dS chwnazd eErr mtiultng colleocvteeardl ongteirmo ero na larggeeorag prhailc vonF luiggeenschuanftFdel nu ggeente(irEPkN NYCUICK scailnaes tandarmdainsne-eadrl l owisfn erences a1b98o9u,Rt AY NER1 995,)u nds clhi?,elhli ecrlauVbeerlnge i­ three sponisdeni voifd tuoca hlasns gi ene nvimreonntalc hed iseeMra !?,ew,en ns il.ieb elra negZ eeriutmreao der facto(rfsoe rxa mplAel,l eRnu'lsBe e,gr mannR'usl e,g ro!?,egreeo grafRiesgcihoenh neiwne gs tnadardti sier ZIN&K R EMSE1N98 6).I na dditnioonnn-v,ia smievaes -gesammweulrtd eanu,se volutionsbioSlihoctg ischer ureme-nets. go.ft arsus -lheanvgrete hc enbteleyn Ruckschlauusdfsi Reee aktionlednni vviodanuu vefen r an­ usetdo a ssedsifsfe renicnbe osd syi zreeu stlinfgr om derUtmew eltein(fAllll'e.isnscRsheeeg eBleg,rm ann'sche diffegrorewntctho nditainotdnh se rys eubrvipvraolbb ­ial RegeZlI,N& K R EMSE1N9 8)6.I nj nugerZeeriw te rden . itoyfi dnivid(u.eagTl.Hs E SSI&N EGKM AN1 994)o, ra s au!?,erdeamu !?,erlincihceh,t invMaessisvuen g-en am easeuo rfd eevlopmesnttrae(lsuf scl tuaatsiynmgm e­z.B .d eTrar susla-naguehc zur EtrlmudinetgrK or­per trMy,0 LLE&R OHGLUN1D99 1,S WADDL&EW IDER groli?,nef oulntgeesrc iheidhcleWra chsmtsubedingungen 1994)E.s pceiyaf lolbrid rst,o tbaold syi zweh,i ccha bne undda mdiet,rO b,erlnesabfheigkveoinltd n"i vid(uzBe..n importfaoenrxta ,m plteoc, l ascseirftypa hiyns iologTiHcESaSIlN &G EKMAN 1994)o dezru Err mittvlounn g parametiesvr esrd,yif fictuoql uta ntiinafs yi ngmelaes ­Stressbel(Fa lstutukuinegr eAnsydmem etMr0iLeL,E R ur(eTS ORK1 968,R ISGI N&S OMER1S98 9);s oc ombi­& OHGLUN1D99 1,S WADDLE& WIDER1 994)h eran­ nationsse voefrm aela seumrentsa reo fternqe uierd. gezgoenS.p ezbieeVilo leg lbne stdeahbte iP rdboalse m, Thibso oiksi ntendedt hfoosmree aaslulr ing ddaesadsdi eG esmatkorpergwrioes!?, iebe,e islpsiweeise orl ei bvir-dwsh ethert hfceoo mrp itliaoann da pipcla­zurE iondrnugn bestimmptheyrs ioloWgeirstceehr e­r tioonfi dteinaftiiccorni tfeorsrit au,d yfinuncgt iaonnd fodrerhl iiscntu,r sehr zusec rhfwaesris se(tnTS ORK morpholoortg ory e seapropculha tviaorni aobrig leiot­y1 968R, ISGI N&S OMESR1 989)D. eshwaelrbd heinoe frt garphivcaarli a.T thieoraneer many retaosb oenc so n­Kombiantiovneernsi cehdeEnieenrmlz a!?,hee ranggeenz.o cernweidt mho rpholomgeiacsaulrn etmsTe.o e nusre DiseeO bersiicsfhtUt ar l gleed acdhitte,o toed er compaabriy,lt ihtmee thoudsse idnt akitnhge se mealse­benVdoeg evle rmes-sseenei s f Ur Edriaer beitung uermensthso ualladwy sb ew eldloc umenteAdsd. if fe­r undA nwendunvgo nB etsimmnugsmkemralenf,U r enceisns izaen dt heciaru sheasv bee ewne lslt udiefdu ntikoln-emlorpholAorgbiesicthfeeUn rS, tu diedne r antdh rooguhldyi scuslsietde,ro antt huaircsec oirnydgi ls Poputliaonasvbiaitrloaidte dre gre ografiVasrcihaetni on. plnetilbf,uu itnm anpyu bliciattn ioioctsnl se parre ciseDliyeG rl.diens,i cmhi tmo rphologMiesscshuennzg ue n whihc measuremweenrtuess ed.l aFrocgroe mrp endibae fassseinna,dsl ov ielfaltig. vDoinMe e sEsr­hebung measeumrenmtasy o ftbeena doptferdoo mt hsetrdu ise wertesno lldtaeeh,r um irheV ergilcehbarzkuge ei­t withqouutoti ntgh eTmh.en umboefrb idrsm easrueids wahlretiesnm,i tn achlvlozaireehrMb ethoedreof glen. rar,ei elfvy emre,n tioSnoemde.t iomnelrsya ngoefvs a ri­DaG r?,oelunnterschuinedid hee r Usrachsecnh osne it ationm aaxnidm vuaml uewse roef i tnereBsutta .bo ve langemmi tgr o!?,eEmn aggemeunntt seurchutn dd is- 9 Whym eausre? MEASRUINBGI RS D VOGELV EMRESSEN Warumm essen?9 10 Whym easure? MEASURIGN BIDRS VOGELV ERMESSEN Warumm essen?1 0 alilst h oublesd t restsheadt "thwho"eo fm easuriisn gk uttiw eerrdesni,nd di Aen gabiennd erLi tereanttu­r descroinblerydo l:Jhgloyrn oatta l(lCE K1 990,S TLIES& sprechdeincdgh ets iiutn d iivtili.egD lafcha usv ielen ALSTHUELR2 00)4.S oi fm easuremfernotpmsu bclai­ Pubaltiikoniesontf tnc ihtz ue rsheenw.e lchMeas re tionrsig,ni nsgc hemoerss pecimleanb eflrossm c ieng­enavue rwenwduertd eFnu.rg rorsKeormpee ndien tifciocl lecatriteoo bn eis n ucdleidna s tudiyht,a tso b e wudrenM asrev iaeclhaf usa nedreAnr beiutbeenr nom­ known how theeyn F.wo edrre eab dit raddkastc aole lc­ meno,h ndei seez uz itein.eD riAen zhald ejre weviel­rs tiocno mmonilsty h er espsointbyio lfti hte axidermmiessts.e nVeong ewli rsde ltoedne gra rn icghetn annt. folrvi eb irtdhsa otft heb irrdi n.gT ehrust,adx eirmti sManchmianlt eireteresansu sslcishelhriV acriationsbreiten andr insgheoru blead w arteh atth ediart a tahrbeea sisu ndM aximaslemH.aa rutpsiichalbiecsrht ardta,s s das for fautlrhles rc ienrteisfreicaachn d tthhaestii srt hee­r .W.i "e desVe rmessennisco hdte nru arn duetnugswei­ foraek eyr olNee.i tthhetera dxeirsmti'mse auserments,s e beschwriir(edbCE eK1n 99 0,S TIELS& ALSTHUELR whosbei ridsu suasluljbyec tteosd h raignaekf tperre pa­2004S).o liaelnsb oe revietrso nftfhletieMc arseM,a rse ratiaonnd drnyoitrnh go,so eft her ingwehror eleasedse rB erinnggsuzentordaelMrea nr sveo nB altgkieetten thbeid ar ftmeera surinlga tbceevar ne rified. wisscehnasifhctelrS ammlungienen i genAues w­er Thibso ookn " maesurbiinrgd psr"e sean ctlse art ungeeinen zbogweenr demnu,ss b ekansnetiw ni,e sie ovrevieawb outth bea siocfts a kian lga rnguem ber eofr mittweuldretn F.u dri Eer hebduenrg Oaatnfe rni sch measuremaenndti sns omec asedse scrisbeevse ratlo tVeong elinso tft d ePrr iirpaat,ao nrl eebndeVnog eln atlernatfiovmre esa surtihneg sbaomdepy a rStu.c h derB erinvgeerrta wnolritcPhr.ii paruantdoB rei rnger a compilahtaisbo ene n lackitnhgem esiticlnuocues sollktleaenrr e knnedna,s s diieh nveeonrnh obenen worokf B ALWDINO,B EHROSLER& WORLE(Y1 391). Oatedni Ger udnlea fgl.jierd wee itewries senschaftliche whicshe rvaesas m odehlee r but doeensc onmopta sAsr besiitn d suidneda mtie inSech ulsseellsltuhnagb en. altlh sep eclmi eaasureentmlsti esdi nt hibso okL.a terW edebre iPmr iirpaat,do erssVeoneg ln acdhe rP riipa­ compilawteirooenn slu yp datoentd h em ethoudsse d ratiuonnTdo r cnkunmge islteh itsc crhupmftn,o cbhe im fosre lteecdm easurem(e.engtK.sE LM1 790" maes­ Berei.rnd gessVeong enla cdhe rB eringfurnegi gelas­ urinwgi ng)s o"rf ors peciaaplip clati(oirngnsi n)g. senw irkdon,n edni Mea rses piitkeorno tlrltwi eedrren. Unfortteluynt,ah iasl sloe d ntoon -standuasradgies ed DiesBeusc ghi beti nueb ersichDatrlesiltclhuen g o erminoolrot ghlyeu, mpoifn gs everaolf o vnaer idaenrMt ess sugnradglefnU eri ngeor rseA nzavholnM ess- meausermenutn dtehre snaammeeT o.d ayS,VE NSSON streckebne sucnhdrt eeiibltw meeihserer eM ogilchkei­ (9192i)s regaastr hdgeeed n aelgr uidefloiErnu oerp ean tedne Mre ssudnegsg e lichKeonr peeirlEtsi.n e solche ringfeorrs methodoilsto hgeeyfr oaircnneuld d eidn thZiuss amnmseetllufneghs letid te arkr ibisAcrhbeevnio tn ' puibclatTihoern e.c ommendaptuiboldni fsso hBrer itisBhA LWDINO,B EHROSLER& WORLEY(1 93)1.d ie hier rienrgbsy t hBeri tiTursshft o Orr tnhiol(oTgBOy) i nt heira lVsor bidleidn ta,b enrih cta ldleeir n d iseemW erak uf­ "RinegrsM'a nua(lER"D FER&N C LARK2 00)1a rtea keng efhUtreSnp ezisaelu mmafrasIsnstp .ii teZruesna mmen­ intaoc couanstw e,l als t hem easurmientgh osdtsa n­setlulngewnu rdennu dri Mee thodena ugfseUwrii hlte dardifsoeErdu o rpearni ngsicnhge mienst hec ourseM essstrec(.kzB e.n MK E1L970. F,lugeeslsnme")o der oft h"eE uorpeaAnf riScoanng bMiirgadrt iNoent works"p eizelAlnewe ndnugsbeeirc(hB eei rnguanktgu)lsa iite.r (ABIRELI1N99 5) Dabekia me s! eiadbeerar u czhu u nehienihtelmiG ce­ Thicso mpildaoteinsoo nta ima tc reatai vnalgi d brauvcohnB eziehcnuenngf lr.M iessstreocdkezerun r standfaorErdu o rpea nda bindrienocgm mednatifoonr begriffVlerimcehenngg u vnersicehdenVearri ationen certmaeiasnu ermentIssn.t eawde,w oulrda thleirk e dteogr e lichMeens sunFgu.Br e ringeetreh teu btie. ,der achvieae s tandarcdoidsiendgd oacnuedmn tatoifto hne SVENSSON("19 92)i nE uropdai ael lgemeRiicnhet ­ meausermenutsse Mdo.r evoe.rw itohu rre commenda­schnuaru cihnm ethodiHsnicshiecrEh rit s.dt e shailnb tiownesw oulldi tkoeg ivgeu ideloinwn heihsc m eas­diseeD aresltlumnitge ienagrbeAiutcedhti .ie m . ,n gR­i uremtesan rper eerfabtlooe t hers. either feorrsM 'ar neuaasdloen"sBs r iotfTi ursshtf oOr rinthol(Bo TgOy; measuraicncaguc ryo,rf oprr actriecaasloD nesp.e ndinRgE DFER& NC LARK2 001)f l.ibrr itiBsecrhien vge-err ont hes cienptriofbilcae nmdt hsep ecisetsu driee­d 6fnfetilchtEemnpfe hulngewenr dbeenr ucksiecbhetni­gt, searchhaevrtesod ecidte hfeoemrls vwehsi hca nd hows ow ied iiem Z ugdee s.E .u orpean-ASfornicgabMnii­ rd manym easuremteotn atksoe r,i fa dditmieoansaeul­r gratNieotnw or(kAB"I RELI1N99 5)u nteeuror piiischen mentasr nee eded. Beirnguznegnsltersant andardMiessisevrehtrrefenan . Einfeungr a nEzur opgaul tiSgteann duanrded i ne Empfehlufnubgre stimMmetsses trezcuks ecnhe anfi.fs t nihctZ ideile sZeursm amentsellunVgi.e lmweohlrlw einr eineei enihtlKiodciheer uunndDg o kuemntatdieovrne ­ r wendetMeens sstreecrkreeni scohweinme i tu nseren 11 Whym easure? MEASRUIGN BIRS D VOGELVE RMESSEN Warumm essen?1 1 12 Whym eausre? MEASRUIGN BIRDSV OGELV ERMESSEN Warumm essen?1 2 Empfehlguenne inRei chhtnsucgre bne,w elchMea rse wir gegeannudebenerb reo vrzugseenei,s a uGs runden deMre ssgueingakoedietr paruask tiEswrcahgeunn gen hearusJ.e n acwhi ssehnasfichtcelrF rageluslntge und untersuVcoghetleta rwr irjde desre lbesntt hseciden, welcuhnedw iev iedliseee Mra rsez un ehmeond eorb zuszailtchMea rseef rordesrilnidc.h II.A ccuracayn dr eliatbyoi flm eiaseumrents II.G enaiugkeuindt Z uevlraskseiigvta nM al?.en Onlayf tperra ctwiiclel tehvseea nmm ee asruimnegt hodN ur cdhuO brunbgr nigste lbdsistee lbMee ssmethode awlaysy ietlhdes amer eustlsS.o unkdn owleodfg es teutbsee nrismtmiendeM arse. Gmeonrapuheoi lsocgh­ morphgoyal noadn amtyo,a nd tihcnea soefs tusdky insa natomiKsecnhnetu nnidis m F alvloenB algmatdeirei al faimalriiwtiyt tha xideprrmoicce duirsoe fst,he ne lpfuKlen.nt nidse sP raparationssivnoordfg tha finrlges.i ch Ones houallodsb ea waroefs evepriaatllf lafst:ae l ro ngerAu rsersdoelmml atnes icuhb eeri gneTi UckiemnK laren perioodft edimoeuass urtihnlegi hkeoolodif e rroirns­ seiNna:c hl anegme arnstnrgeendMeens sekno mmt crea(s.eesgm .i sta0k.if2n o0gr. 7o r0. 3f o0r. )8o,r a ftere sl ehitzc uA bleesherlfne( eVrwcehsgl uvonn0 ,2m it manyh ous rmae asumraeyrb ecomteei drs,o t hafto r 0,7o de0r, 3m i0t,8 )o denra ceht licShutennd eznu m intsantchee wcianbnge n ol ongmearxm iayls ltretchNeadc lhassdeenKr r asfotd ,a szs.B .d iFeul genli cmheth r (AK.E VE pceomrms..) Ev.e inn theo fmc eatsiec ulomuasx imgaelse tcrkwte rde(nA K.E VmEd l.A)b.e aru ch measugr biyne xperieenxcaemdi ners measubreesimo erngltftsai Mgeesrs udnugr cghe utbeB earbesiitnedr caon nlbyer eliraebplryo diuifcn ce ads oefp airbeodd y Werte dnaunrzn u verlraespslibiga,z r iewnrens ibee i partthsea yr aewl aytsa koennt hsea msei doeft hbei dr. am Karppeara rviogr nhdaeneMnes sstreicmkmene r NITEHAMMER( 1692) discusfsreesq udeineftrf enceasu fd erselSbeeintd ee sV ogelgse nommweundr en. inl etnhgo fl eafntd r ight owfti hnsega sm ie ndividNuIaTElH.A MMER( 9162)g ehatu dfi oef utn terschiedliche WhiVlAeU RIE(1 599)f ound tthhreai tgw hitn igso ftenL angdee rb eidFeulng edle ssellbdneinv idueuimns. lon,gW e.Br EGRER(n iE CK1 995)a ndE CK(9 195)f ound VAURI(E15 99f)na dd,a sdse rre chFtuleg eolfl ta ngiesrt , thaitnC ormoraPnhat/sa croccoarrabaxo n dM agpiesW .B ERGE(nRi E CK1 995)u ndE CK( 9195f)na deann Picpai cbao twhi ngisnm o scta swees roefe qulaeln gthK.o rmoraPnhae/na croccaorrbauoxn dE ltserPni cpai ca, Ifd ifferenoccecsu rtrheedr ,i gwhitn wga sf requentdlasys d eimnne istFeanlb leeinFd uleg egelli clha nwgae rn. lon.gC ehrangienws i nlge ngctahu sbeyda gea nwde ar TrtaeUn nterschaiuefwd,ae rh afuigdeerrr e chFtuleg el also thoba evc eo nsid(eesrefe odir sn tanVcEeR EHYEN !aenrgH.i nzkuom mena ltse-urnda bnutzungsbedingte 1596,S TEWRAD1 963,P IEONWKSKI& MINTON1 793) Vernaderunigned ne rF lugell(azBn..Vg EeR HEYEN Antoheprr oblceomn siistnth sme e asurhianbgiT thse.r e 1596,S TEAWRD1 963,P IEONWKSKI& MITNON1 793.) 13 Accur&a creyla ibility MEASURGI BNIDRS VOGELV ERMESSEN Genagukie&i Ztu evrlagsksieit 13 14 Accaucry& reliability MEASURIBNRIGD S VOGELV ERMESSEN Genauigk&e Ziutv learssigk1e4i t arues auyls ligfniicdainffte renbceetsw eweinn gmse a­s Eiann deesrP rbolesmi nddi Mee ssgeowhnhteein des urerdi gohrtl f-e-thanyd (edHLlEM& ALBREHCT2 00)0 UnterhseurcMse.i sbte steshieignfn ikUanntteer schiede asv erfye wp eopalreee quya dlelxterwoiutbsho th zwiscrheecnsh htanudnildg i snhkangdeimge sseFnl­eun hands. gel(nH EL&M A LBRHETC2 000d)a,n uwre nigMee n­ MAYR'(s917 5)r ulofet hmub,p osltautai pnrge cis­chenb eiMme ssemni bte idHeanne dng elichermar5en sioonfm easureomfe ntth e twpeanrottfti heveta hr i­geutsb ind. atioonft her especptairvaem eitne r tphopeua ltion DiFea ustrveogMnAe YlR (1 975) n,a cdhe mri eti ner studiaeldt,h oau ggoho gd enaelgr uidies n otu sfeul Messngaeueiigvtko ne ineZwma nizgsldt eeSrp annweite fosro mep areatmerosrs malmleears uremTehnet sd.e sM erkmailnnse rbh daelPro pulatgieomne sswee­nr foostp ainn t heBa lckR edstPahroten icuorcuhsr u:ro sd enso llitset, e bigeneiin M erkmaulneadnu hck leineren foirn tsancgei,v eans2 9-34m m byN ICOL(A1 I99 6) Messlanngiecsnhnit nv olaln zweund.eB neislpsiweeise woulhda ve btemo e aseudrt ot hen eare0s.2tm m, musstdea nnd ieF ur5asnpnbee imH ausrotschwanz whicihsn ofte asfiobplrre a ctriecaasloI nnss u.c cha se Phoenicuorcuhsr urodsi,en acNhI OCLA(I1 996)z wi­ it siusf fitcoim eenatse u trot hen eare1 mstm .A per­ schen29 -34m m betraagu0tf,, 2m m genau sgseemne cisset atemceannt th ebnep rovibdyte hdme e avna lue wedrenD.a si satl laeuismn e thohdeinsG crundnecinh t ofs evesrealr imaela seumrentsI.fw ,h enm eausirng praktiIknas boee iln.e Fmal ils ets a uesirchewnendn, itlsne gtthh,te i opf a feather tcoro emsebtse t ween aufm m1 genague messuenngd e rduenwti rZdu. einer twom iilmlettriecm kar kst,h veal uiesu suya rloulnded konkreAtuesns akgoem mmta nd anunb edre nM ittel­ accoirnydg slot hafto irn staan wcien lge gnthof 1 36 werdte erfr orderSliecrnhimeeesns unLgi.e bgetei i ner mm stcrtilsyp eakmienagn asl egntohf 1 36± 0.5 mm. FlugegelmnleasnsudnigeS ptized erF edezrw ischen Dependointn gh eme asuretmaeknettn h,eB T O zweMi ilmleiterhsetnrd,ia cnwni ridn s olchFeanl len (ERDFEN R&C LAKR 200)1g ivdeisff erernetc ommen­ meisatu fb-zwa.b gerunHdaebtew.ni bre islpsiweeise datioenxsc:ef potrs pecisftdiuicse ,w inlge ngatnhd diFel ulgaenlmgiet1 3 6m m gemseseunn dn otti,se or talinelg tshh oubledr oundteotd h en eare1s mtm : sthetd iseeL anggee nague nommfeun1r 3 6± 0,5m m. thlee tnhgo fp rim8a r(ySP )i np assertio0n .e5ms m Jen acMha rsg itbd eBrT O( RDEFER&N C LARK valeusf obri lleln gltehgn,t ho fh eawdi tbhi ltalr,s us20 0)1v erhsicedEemnpefe hnlgue:Fn ulg-eulnSdc hwanz­ lengatnhdc lalwe ngutpth o 1 00m m shoublerd o und-lansgoel latueer5nrb eSip ezialafurfa ggeManin lzliem e- edt ot hnee ar0e.s1mt m ,o r1 mm ifla rgtehra1 n00 tegre rduent dweenrd,i Lea nged e8r. H ansdchwinge mm.T heG emranr ingsichnegm se mostflolywl othese( eTifeledlran)gb eeSii vnogglena u0f, 5m m,S chnabel-, reocmmendatiIonng se.na elrm,e aseumretnss houldK opf-nSacbheTlar-s,u su-ndK arllenlbaeniMg aer5 en onlbyer ecorwdietadhp recitshiacotanb n e r elatiiascyl l unte1r00 mm au0f,1 mm,u be1r00 mm auf1 mm. . acihveed( WINK1E99R8) .I sth ounlodbt e t riteomd e as­Didee utschBeenr innggsuzaenltefrnol gedni esEemnp­ uer asp reciassep loys sibbultreta ,h earsp reciasse lfyeh lungweeni thgeendG.e neelrslo llMtaer5na ngaben necersysR.ae searcshheorupsll dat nh esiarm plwiintgh nusro g enanuo tiweerretdn , swiiee Zmuivte rlassigkeit caraend deilbetria.oA nwareneosfsp ossisboluer cevse rtrewteernd eknon ne(nW INK1E99R8 ).E ss ollte of· earnrdmo ert hodolporgoibclaeslmu hsc atsh osen cihsto g enau sgseemwnee rdweinem ogliscohn,d ern discusisnte hdib so oikso fv itiamplo rntcaeR.ei lalbyii t sog enawui en otViogn. v orhneremiuns jse dUenrt e­r andp reci(snimuobne orf d ecimpalla creesa odf)e ach suhcerso rgfiiulntdui bge rlaengd ti eDa etnerhebung measruemednetp eonndt hqe uatlyoi ft heeq uipmengte.h eDni.Ke en ntnmiosgi lchFeerh qlueerlulnemdne tho­ Isfe vemreaals uriinnsgt rum(e.engrt.us ls e)ar rues ed dihsecPrr bolemwei,es iaeu hc imv orilegenBduehcn foerx acmte asuretmsi enpn aarlloeril ns eqeuncfeo r abgehealnwtde rdeins,dt a zuune rlassDliieZc uhv­.e r thsea me stthuedhyya veb etc oai lbraTtheed .as lgci nlassiugnkdeP irta zi(sAnizoanah blg esleeneDerz im­al onc ommerlclaiyvaa ibllareu lsa esrw elalst hree suolft ss etll)ej neder Mehsasnugnvegon n d erO uailtadte s uncalriabtsecda less hcwo acno nseirdabdliev ergenbceen.zu tteMne sstirnusmenatbeW.se rdebnei g enuaen FOWLER& COHEN( 1896) commetn ont his:M essungmeenhe rreM essinsetnrt(ue.zm B .L ine)a le "Notet hed istincbteitowne epnr ecisiaonnd a ccu­ paarlloedle zru rBe arbeidteurnsge lFbreang elslgtu en racyA.n expensisvper inbga lancmei ghtbe p recise,z eitnlaihccehi nanedieenrsg etzmtu,s sesni eg egen­ weighitnog0 .1 g ,b uti fi ti sb adlayd justietwd i lnlo t einanadbgeergi lchewner denS.ki aelrunhgaennd ­els bea ccuraAt ber.o kecnl ociksa ccurattwei cae d ay!" ublicLhienre alaeu hcwW aigee ergebnniicsghsetee h i­c Whenq utoinmge avnal ue(osfri sntanfcoesr,e rietse Wra ageknon neenr hbielcvho neniandaebrw eeicnh. froam p oupaltoin)t hne ubmeorf d emcailp leascg iven FOWLER& COHNE (1896) bemerkdeaznu : shouolndlb yeo nel argert htenh uabmner o fd ecima,l, Beachdteen Unterschziweids chePnr azisiuonnd placesf rroetmah dme e asuriinnsgt ruFmoueron rtf .i veR ichtigkEeiintet. e urFee derwaamgaeg praziasuef decimpalla caersem isleasduigngge,s at pirnegc isi0o,1ng wagena,b erw enns ies chlecehitn gestiesltl,t 15 Accaucry& reliability MEASUIRGN BIRDSV OGELVE RMESSEN Genauig&k Zeuivtle arssigk1e5i t 16 Accaucry& relliiabtiy MEASRUINBGI RDSV OGELV ERMESSEN Genaiguke&i Ztu verilagsksei1t6 thacta nnboetm etF.o arb ettaesrs essmofes natm plew irdd asG ewichnti chrti chtsiegi nE.i nek aputUteh r meanfsu rtshteart isptaairmcteaelrs su cahs s tandargde hztw eimaalm Tagr icthig!" deviatsitoann.de arrrdor ra,n goersc onfidienn­tceer Bedie Arn gavboen M ittelwe(rzBt..e n Sbeeri ien valasr en ecess(aofrrey x amplseeseH .N IEMYEER aus ePionupealrt i)os nolldtiZeea hdle ar neggebenen inB ETRHODL,B EZZE&LT HILECK1E79 4)T.wo o rt here Dezimtaellisldnee nRr e gneulur m e inSet eglrl6e15 seeri n decimplaalc aersse t andfaortrdh esset ativsaltuiceasl.a ls Zdahildee Dre zimalsdtievelo lmMe ens.s gearbagte ­ Measurnetmsseh oublegd i vienn u SntIisw ,h ich floers ewnu drenV.ei rtoed ern ftfeSU tellhenint edre m lengatrh"e metr(eba"b reviaats"e md" o)ri tssu btusn iKommas inirdre fUhurnedt niiduc hseeni nnei cvhotr han­ "ecnmteitr(ec""m ",eq vuailetno1t 1/ 0m0 )a nd" milli­denGee naueiivgtok r. Zur Ebiecnshssziieutrnedgne r metr(em"" m"e,q uaielvntto 1 1/000m ),r espectivMeitltye.l wveorntS et ichprsoibnweden i tesrtea tistische Thei nternautntiisfo onmraa lsa sr "eik olgarm"(a bbrevAin­gabweinSe t anddaabrewiucnhgS,t andaer,rdV faerhila­ ateads" gk"o)ri tssu bnuit"sga rm"( "ge"q,u ivatloe ntti onesibtreond eKro nfidenazlilnneot teewrnvdi(ggv l. 11/000k ga)n "dm iglrlai"m( "gm"e,q vuailteon1 t/0 10g0). z.B .H .N IEMYEERi nB ERTHOLDB,EZ ZE&LT HIELCKE thlea tftoeirrn statnosc pee cify orgoafns mwaelil1g h794t)sF. u dri esstea tistBiesrcenhcuehnng seinn zdw ei passeroirnf eoso idt emSsm.a llseurbi utnasr en ot bis Sdetrlelihe nint edre m KomSmtaa nd.a rd generuaslelidynm acroscmoopripclho ogy. Mal5angearbfeon/i gnSe ln- EiitnehfneU,Lr a ngen­ messunagles.nMo. e etr("Ab kzuurn.gm.:" ) bzUwn. t­aelrs eihnei.tZ.ee nn tim(e. ct.me 'er;n" t spre1c/ h01e0nm)du nd .M.il ilmteer(". m .m ',e'n tspre1cIh01e0n0md ) D.i ien ­ter natioMnaa5lleei nfhUedrii tMe a ssJea ut.Ke.li to agmrm" (Abkuzurn.gk:.g" )b zw..G. ra mm"(. ,,ge''n tsprechend 11I000k gu)n db,e islpsiweeifsUOerrg angewibcehit e Klevii:ienglond efrUN ra hurngsbesta.Mn.id ltalemiimlg"er (,m.g'e,n't spre1ch1Ie00n0gd ) K.l eienU netrereinheiten siniddn e mra kroskopMiosrcphheonnl iocgghieteb rhacluhic. IllC.o mpiasroonfm easuretmse n IllV.e rlgiehcv onF risucnhTd-rokcemnal5en onf reasnhd d riesdp eicmens Iti sg eneraaslsluym ed mtehaasetum retnst akeonn Allmgeeiwni rdda voanu sgenggaedna.s dsi aen V ogel­ driesdp ecimaerness m altlheartn h ec oersrpondibnagl ggeenn ommeTnroeckne nm5aekl /ieenrs inadl dsi e­ meausermenttask oennl iovred eabdi radsas r esoufl ts elbMean5l ev omJ ebenoddeenfr r isch Votgoetle,n "hsriangkeT·h:ia ss smuptiiosn unonitv earlstlryu aen d woUfr. .h urSmcfpun"gd iEer kulniigsr eDii.e Asnen ahme depenodnts h mee aseut rak(ewni tehx teronria nlt ernbaels ijtezdto kcehi gnreu ndsatGzutlliigckuheneiid ts a tb ­ measurpionig)na tnstdh e measmuertih.no gd hangg viond eMre ssstre(ckmieat u 5lereodne irn rneen Fir,s twldeyi sctuhsmeso sitm portaanndtm ost Messb-zwA.n shcalgpnutkenu)n d Mdeesrs medteh.o frequeunsteldmy e asurnetm,wei ngl egnt.h Duirng Hiesro iln aczhudsatsw ichtiugnsdat meh aufig­ thed ryipnrgo cetshsel. o ncga rpdailgi isbt e ntto a stevne rwendMea5tl dee rFu lgellbaentgrea cwhet­ret varydienggr edeu.et os hraigneak ndd ryionftg i ssudee nB.e iTmrc okngusnvorgdaensFgu l gewlisr dde lra nge andm uscloens tuhlen a Tshiisdm ea.i ntlayk epsl aceF ingaeurf grduenSrdc r humpfuunnAdgu stkrnoucng des duirng ftrihsepth asoeft hed ryipnrgo cewshse,r easB ingdeewebuesn dd erM uskautluaru f Udlenrsa erite nof utrhesrh raigneok cculras.t n eoretv en aaft leorn g unetrschisetdalgriekcb he uDgatsg. e schvioearh ltl em tim(eGR EEN1 890,KN OX1 890)T hibse ndgi cnanb e ind eerr stZeenid te Trr cokunngw,ah rensdp ataeurhc couenrtactbeyd gecnotrlree cotfti howeni npgo sitinoanc she hlra ngZeerik tei nwee itSecrheur mpfunegni ttr it duirnegar ldyr yi(nesge K ELM1 790,K NOX 1890);i n (GEREN1 890K,N OX1 890)D.i esseircs htb aileinsdieenr largert hbiisr dbsei nsld aitinerrger v resibolrce a,no nly Beuguknagn dne shailndb e err stZeenid teT rro cnkung bec orrecafttetedir m- econmsiunsgo tfeinngB.a silcya,l ducrhs anfNtaecsh -hRtiedcne roVgelhbaengde gwnee­rt th"ee xrtne"aw linlge tnhgm easureneitmn d risepde cid­en( vgKlE.L M1 790K,N OX1 890) Begir 615eVri:ieegnl n mencsa nnboegt r eatthearin nl eio vrf resdhelaybdr i ds ist dBieeusgeu snpga tneirc white doedre nru dru crh exceipnct a soef m easureirnrgoN rusm.eo russ tudieusm staincdhleAsu fweicahuesnz ugleGirucnhdaestnz.- 17 Compiaosrnf rehs& drdise pecimenMsEA su RINBGI RsD VOGELV ERMESSENVe grleiFcrhci shu-ndTro ckenmafS1e7

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