Measuring and Mapping Cultures (International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology)

202 Pages·2007·2.71 MB·English

by  Esmer

Measuring and Mapping Cultures:
25 Years of Comparative Value Surveys
International Studies in Sociology
and Social Anthropology
Editors
Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo
Rubin Patterson
Masamichi Sasaki
VOLUME 104
Measuring and Mapping Cultures:
25 Years of Comparative
Value Surveys
Edited by
Yilmaz Esmer and Thorleif Pettersson
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2007
Originally published as Volume 5 no. 2–3 (2006) of Brill’s journal ‘Comparative Sociology’
Coverphoto © World Values Survey (http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org)
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
International Colloquium on Gregory of Nyssa (10th : 2004 : Olomouc,
Czech Republic)
Gregory of Nyssa : Contra Eunomium II : an English version with
supporting studies : proceedings of the 10th International Colloquium on Gregory
of Nyssa (Olomouc, September 15–18, 2004) / edited by Lenka Karfíková...
[et al.] with the assistance of Vít Hu“ek and Ladislav Chvátal.
p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 82)
English, French, and German.
Contra Eunomium II translated from the Greek by Stuart George Hall.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15518-3
ISBN-10: 90-04-15518-X (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Gregory, of Nyssa, Saint,
ca. 335-ca. 394—Congresses. 2. Eunomius, Bp. of Cyzicus, ca. 335-ca. 394—
Congresses. 3. Eunomianism—Congresses. 4. Church history—Primitive and
early church, ca. 30-600—Congresses. I. Karfíková, Lenka. II. Hall, Stuart
George. III. Gregory, of Nyssa, Saint, ca. 335-ca. 394. Contra Eunomium.
ISSN 0074-8684
ISBN-10: 90 04 15820 0
ISBN-13: 978 90 04 15820 7
© Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
Esmer, Yilmaz; Pettersson, Thorleif
Mapping Global Values .................................................................. 11
Inglehart, Ronald
A Theory of Cultural Value Orientations: Explication and
Applications .................................................................................. 33
Schwartz, Shalom H.
Globalization, “McDonaldization” and Values: Quo Vadis? ...... 79
Esmer, Yilmaz
Individualization in Europe and America: Connecting
Religious and Moral Values ...................................................... 99
Nevitte, Neil; Cochrane, Christopher
Religion in Contemporary Society: Eroded by Human
Well-being, Supported by Cultural Diversity ............................ 127
Pettersson, Thorleif
Democratization in the Human Development Perspective .......... 155
Welzel, Christian
Index ................................................................................................ 187

This volume, commemorating the 25th anniversary of values surveys, is
dedicated to Dan Brändström, Director of the Bank of Sweden Tercen-
tenary Foundation, an enthusiastic believer in values research and a
staunch supporter of the academic study of values. The World Values
Survey project is deeply indebted to Dan for his relentless efforts to make
available comparative survey data on values to the wider social science
community and policy makers around the globe.
Dan Brändström

Introduction
ilmaz smer and horleif ettersson
Y E T P
The study of human values has a long and distinguished tradition. The
importance of the citizens’ mindset for various spheres of social life has
been recognized by thinkers going all the way to Ancient Greece. Indeed,
Plato is well known for establishing a one-to-one correspondence between
the types of constitutions and the orientations of the individuals’ minds.
According to him, states were shaped by the character of their citizens.
Aristotle, on the other hand, likened the rulers of a society to flute play-
ers. It was the people who actually made the flute. Thus, at the end of
the day, the determining factor – the independent variable, if you will-
was the character, the nature, the mindset of the citizenry.
From Ibn-i Khaldun, to Montesquieu, Tocqueville and Weber, to
name but a few, many great classical thinkers emphasized the impor-
tance of cultural values, if we are to use the contemporary terminology,
for understanding and explaining social structure, institutions, and change.
Despite this highly eminent tradition of over two millennia, the empir-
ical study of the collective mindset is an extremely recent phenomenon.
In fact, large scale comparative values studies involving a variety of cul-
tures have a history of few decades only. Almond and Verba’s The Civic
Culture and Alex Inkeles’ Becoming Modern are roughly half a century old
and both included only a handful of societies. The Eurobarometer, a
remarkable project indeed, was envisaged and implemented by the
Commission of the European Communities in the early 1970s. Although
currently replicated in different parts of the globe such as Latin America,
Africa and East Asia, at the time of its inception it was very much a
“European project.” Nevertheless, we owe a great debt to the Euro-
barometer both for taking the bold step in the right direction and for
the invaluable European time series data it has made available to all
those interested.
However, we believe it would not be inaccurate or unfair to say that
1981 is the actual year of birth of the empirical study of cultural values