Measurement of Ion Transport and Metabolic Rate in Insects PDF
Preview Measurement of Ion Transport and Metabolic Rate in Insects
Springer Series in Experimental Entomology Thomas A. Miller, Editor Springer Series In Experimental Entomology Editor: T. A. Miller Insect Neurophysiological Techniques By T.A. Miller Neurohormonal Techniques in Insects Edited by T.A. Miller Sampling Methods in Soybean Entomology By M. Kogan and D. Herzog Neuroanatomical Techniques Edited by N.J. Strausfeld and T.A. Miller Cuticle Techniques in Arthropods Edited by T.A. Miller Measurement of Ion Transport and Metabolic Rate in Insects Edited by T.J. Bradley and T.A. Miller Techniques in Pheromone Research Edited by H.E. Hummel and T.A. Miller Functional Neuroanatomy Edited by N.J. Strausfeld Measurement of Ion lransport and Metabolic Rate in Insects Edited by Timothy J. Bradley Thomas A. Miller With Contributions by J.H. Anstee· K. Bowler· T.J. Bradley D. Brandys· J.W. Hanrahan· A.A. Heusner J. Machin· S~H.P. Maddrell· L.J. Mandel J. Meredith· T.A. Miller· M.J. O'Donnell J.E. Phillips • K. Shima· M.L. Tracy With 59 Figures Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg Tokyo Timothy J. Bradley Thomas A. Miller Department of Developmental Department of Entomology and Cell Biology University of California School of Biological Sciences Riverside, California 92521 University of California USA Irvine, California 92717 USA Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Measurement of ion transport and metabolic rate in insects. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Insects-Physiology. 2. Biological transport. 3. Epithelium. 4. Entomology-Methodology. I. Miller, Thomas A. II. Bradley, T. J. (Timothy J.) QL495.M4 1983 595.7'01858 83-6683 © 1984 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010 U.S.A. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typeset by MS Associates, Champaign, Illinois. 987 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN -13 :978-1-4613-8241-6 e-ISBN -13 :978-1-4613-8239-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8239-3 Series Preface Insects as a group occupy a middle ground in the biosphere between bacteria and viruses at one extreme, amphibians and mammals at the other. The size and general nature of insects present special problems to the student of entomology. For example, many commercially available instruments are geared to measure in grams, while the forces commonly encountered in stUdying insects are in the milligram range. Therefore, techniques developed in the study of insects or in those fields concerned with the control of insect pests are often unique. Methods for measuring things are common to all sciences. Advances sometimes depend more on how something was done than on what was measured; indeed a given field often progresses from one technique to another as new methods are discovered, developed, and modified. Just as often, some of these techniques find their way into the classroom when the problems involved have been sufficiently ironed out to permit students to master the manipulations in a few laboratory periods. Many specialized techniques are confined to one specific research laboratory. Although methods may be considered commonplace where they are used, in another context even the simplest procedures may save considerable time. It is the purpose of this series (1) to report new developments in methodology, (2) to reveal sources of groups who have dealt with and solved particular entomological problems, and (3) to describe experiments which may be applicable for use in biology laboratory courses. THOMAS A. MILLER Series Editor Contents 1. Introduction T.J. BRADLEY and T.A. MILLER.................................... 1 2. In Vitro Techniques for Studies of Malpighian Tubules M.J. O'DONNELL and S.H.P. MADDRELL With 3 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Methods for the Study of Transport and Control in Insect Hindgut J.W. HANRAHAN, J. MEREDITH, J.E. PHILLIPS, and D. BRANDYS With 8 Figures .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4. The Study of Atmospheric Water Absorption J. MACHIN With 11 Figures... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5. Microrespirometry in Small Tissues and Organs K. SLAMA With 6 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 10 1 6. Spectrophotometry and Fluorometry in Ion Transport Epithelia LAZARO J. MANDEL With 14 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 131 VIII Contents 7. Coulometric Measurement of Oxygen Consumption in Insects A.A. HEUSNER and M.L. TRACY With 11 Figures.. .. .. . .. . .. .. ... . .. ... ... . .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. . .. . ... 163 8. Techniques for Studying Na+, K+ -ATPase J.H. ANsTEE and K. BOWLER With 6 Figures ...................................................... 187 Index ..................................................................... 221 Contributors J.H. ANSTEE Department of Zoology, University of Durham, Durham DHI 3LE, England K. BOWLER Department of Zoology, University of Durham, Durham DHI 3LE, England T.J. BRADLEY Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92717, USA D. BRANDYS Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Co- lumbia V6T lW5, Canada J. W. HANRAHAN Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Co- lumbia V6T lW5, Canada A.A. HEUSNER Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA J. MACHIN Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M55 lAl, Canada x Contributors S.H.P. MADDRELL Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England LAZARO J. MANDEL Department of Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA J. MEREDITH Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Co- lumbia V6T lW5, Canada T.A. MILLER Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA M.J. O'DONNELL Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England J.E. PHILLIPS Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Co- lumbia V6T lW5, Canada K. SLAMA Department ofInsect Physiology, Institute of Entomology CSA V, Praha 6, Czech- oslovakia M.L. TRACY Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA Chapter 1 Introduction T. J. Bradley and T. A. Miller Arthropods, particularly the insects, offer distinct advantages as sources of ex· perimental material for the study of ion and fluid transport. Insect epithelia are histologically simple. They are one cell layer thick and generally not asso· ciated with underlying cellular connective tissues. These characteristics have contributed to the substantial successes to date in isolating intact and viable epithelial organs for study in vitro. The chapters in this volume by O'Donnell and Maddrell (Chapter 2) and by Hanrahan et al. (Chapter 3) demonstrate the elegant techniques that have been developed to exploit these advantages. Insect physiologists have pioneered many miniaturizations of analytical techniques in response to the challenges of working with small animals. Machin (Chapter 4) describes in detail a number of the techniques that he has developed to analyze the uptake of water from subsaturated air by small arthropods. In other areas of ion transport physiology, our information on insect tissues has lagged behind that of workers using other organisms. One clear example of this is in the area of the biochemistry of ion·transporting enzyme complexes. The difficulty of obtaining large quantities of isolated, homogeneous insect tissue has complicated the isolation and characterization of the metabolic units responsible for ion translocation. One notable exception to this has been the work on Na+, K+-ATPase in the insects, a topic reviewed by Anstee and Bowler (Chapter 8). The difficulty of investigating insect transport systems through biochemical analysis has led some physiologists to examine the links between transport and cell metabolism. One of the attractions of ion and water transport as physiologi- cal phenomena for study is the capacity to place these events in a physical con- text; that is, ion gradients and osmotic gradients can be equated with units of
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