Measurement for Evaluation in Kinesiology PDF
Preview Measurement for Evaluation in Kinesiology
NINTH EDITION MEASUREMENT for EVALUATION IN KINESIOLOGY Ted A. Baumgartner, PhD University of Georgia Andrew S. Jackson, PED University of Houston Matthew T. Mahar, EdD East Carolina University David A. Rowe, PhD University of Strathclyde 2 World Headquarters Jones & Bartlett Learning 5 Wall Street Burlington, MA 01803 978-443-5000 [email protected] www.jblearning.com Jones & Bartlett Learning books and products are available through most bookstores and online booksellers. To contact Jones & Bartlett Learning directly, call 800-832-0034, fax 978-443-8000, or visit our website, www.jblearning.com. Substantial discounts on bulk quantities of Jones & Bartlett Learning publications are available to corporations, professional associations, and other qualified organizations. For details and specific discount information, contact the special sales department at Jones & Bartlett Learning via the above contact information or send an email to [email protected]. 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ISBN 978-1-284-04075-3 6048 Printed in the United States of America 19 18 17 16 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 3 Brief Contents part I Introduction and Practical Aspects of Testing 1 Introduction to Measurement and Evaluation 2 Practical Aspects of Testing part II Quantitative Aspects of Measurement 3 Statistical Tools 4 Reliability and Objectivity 5 Validity part III Assessment of Physical Activity and Fitness 6 Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior 7 Aerobic Fitness 8 Body Composition 9 Musculoskeletal Fitness 10 Youth Fitness and Physical Activity part IV School-Based Evaluation 11 Grading and Standard Setting 12 Authentic and Alternative Assessments 13 Sport Skill 14 Knowledge Tests and Questionnaires 4 5 Contents PREFACE ABOUT THE AUTHORS PART I Introduction and Practical Aspects of Testing 1 Introduction to Measurement and Evaluation Measurement and Evaluation Functions of Measurement and Evaluation Formative and Summative Evaluation Standards for Evaluation Norm-Referenced Standards Criterion-Referenced Standards Models of Evaluation Educational Model Fitness Assessment Model Influential Research and Historic Reports Occupational Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease Harvard Alumni Studies Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans National Physical Activity Guidelines for Children Summary Formative Evaluation of Objectives Additional Learning Activities Bibliography 2 Practical Aspects of Testing Introduction to Testing The Nature and Purpose of Testing Stages of the Testing Process Test Selection Test Preparation Test Administration Data Processing Decision Making and Feedback Important Test Characteristics Reliability Validity Discrimination Practicality and Mass Testability 6 Documentation Ethical Responsibilities of the Test User Fairness Privacy and Confidentiality Data Ownership and Data Protection Participant Safety The Participant Experience Summary Formative Evaluation of Objectives Additional Learning Activities Bibliography PART II Quantitative Aspects of Measurement 3 Statistical Tools Introduction to Statistical Tools Basic Principles of Data Analysis Types of Scores Practical Aspects of Recording Data and Creating Data Sets Using Computers to Create and Analyze a Data Set Creating the Data Set Naming Variables and Deciding on the Unit of Measurement Screening and Cleaning Your Data Organizing and Graphing Test Scores Simple Frequency Distribution Grouping Scores for Graphing Descriptive Values Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variability Measuring Group Position Percentile Ranks Percentiles Standard Scores z-Scores The Normal Curve Characteristics Area Under the Curve Determining Relationships Between Scores The Graphing Technique The Correlation Technique Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient Prediction-Regression Analysis Simple Regression Multiple Regression Nonlinear Regression A Computer Example Inferential Statistical Techniques Reliability of Statistical Estimates Background to Statistical Significance Tests Summary Formative Evaluation of Objectives Additional Learning Activities Bibliography 4 Reliability and Objectivity 7 Introduction to Reliability and Objectivity Selecting a Criterion Score Mean Score Versus Best Score Types of Reliability Stability Reliability Internal-Consistency Reliability Stability Versus Internal Consistency Reliability Theory Estimating Reliability: Intraclass Correlation Intraclass R from One-Way Analysis of Variance Intraclass R from Two-Way Analysis of Variance Selecting the ANOVA Model and Criterion Score Computer Use Common Situations for Calculating R Sample Size for R Acceptable Reliability Factors Affecting Reliability Coefficient Alpha Intraclass R in Summary Checking Reliability by Visual Inspection Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula Standard Error of Measurement Objectivity Factors Affecting Objectivity Estimation Reliability of Criterion-Referenced Test Scores Reliability of Difference Scores Summary Formative Evaluation of Objectives Additional Learning Activities Bibliography 5 Validity Introduction to Validity The Meaning of Validity and Validation A Validation Model for Kinesiology Validity and Norm-Referenced Tests Types of Validity Evidence Content Validity Evidence Criterion Validity Evidence Construct Validity Evidence Factors Affecting Validity Validity and Criterion-Referenced Tests Summary Formative Evaluation of Objectives Additional Learning Activities Bibliography PART III Assessment of Physical Activity and Fitness 6 Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Introduction to Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Understanding the Benefits of Physical Activity The Importance of Measuring Physical Activity 8 Types of Instruments for Measuring Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Physical Activity Diaries Recall Questionnaires Motion Sensors Heart Rate Monitors Doubly Labeled Water Direct Observation Indirect Calorimetry Emerging Technologies Posture Sensors Global Positioning Systems Wearable Cameras Smart Clothing Ubiquitous Technologies Challenges Posed by the Technology Revolution Measuring Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Across the Life Span Children and Adolescents Young to Middle-Aged Adults Older Adults Summary Formative Evaluation of Objectives Additional Learning Activities Bibliography 7 Aerobic Fitness Introduction to Aerobic Fitness Essential Definitions Aerobic Fitness and Health Evaluation of Aerobic Fitness Risk Stratification for Exercise Testing Laboratory-Based Aerobic Fitness Tests Regulating Power Output Cycle Ergometer Power Output Treadmill Power Output Laboratory-Based Maximal Tests of Aerobic Fitness Open-Circuit Spirometry Maximal Treadmill Tests Laboratory-Based Submaximal Tests of Aerobic Fitness Estimation of Maximal Heart Rate Single-Stage Model Åstrand-Ryhming Single-Stage Test Multistage Model Submaximal Treadmill Protocols Single-Stage 4-Minute Treadmill Walking Test Single-Stage Treadmill Walking Test Field Tests of Aerobic Fitness Maximal Running Tests Walking and Jogging Tests Non-exercise Estimates of Aerobic Fitness Non-exercise Estimates of Aerobic Fitness and Health Risk Summary Formative Evaluation of Objectives Additional Learning Activities Bibliography 8 Body Composition 9 Introduction to Evaluating Body Composition Body Mass Index Adult BMI BMI of Youth Obesity Prevalence Obesity and Health Risk Percent Fat Percent Fat Percentile Norms Laboratory Methods Hydrodensitometry Body Plethysmograph Converting Body Density to Percent Fat Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Percent Fat Prediction Models Measuring Skinfolds Summary Formative Evaluation of Objectives Additional Learning Activities Bibliography 9 Musculoskeletal Fitness Introduction to Musculoskeletal Fitness Essential Definitions Muscular Strength Assessment Expression of Muscular Strength Measures Tests for Muscular Strength Estimation of 1-RM from Multiple Repetitions Maximal Testing Muscular Endurance Assessment Tests for Muscular Endurance Muscular Power Assessment Tests for Muscular Power Summary Formative Evaluation of Objectives Additional Learning Activities Bibliography 10 Youth Fitness and Physical Activity Introduction to Youth Fitness and Physical Activity Historical View of Youth Fitness Testing What Is Physical Fitness? Performance-Related Fitness Health-Related Physical Fitness FITNESSGRAM® Criterion-Referenced Standards FITNESSGRAM® Test Items FITNESSGRAM® Physical Activity Assessment Presidential Active Lifestyle Award Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth Summary Formative Evaluation of Objectives Additional Learning Activities Bibliography PART IV School-Based Evaluation 10
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