Meanings of Pain PDF
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Simon van Rysewyk Editor Meanings of Pain Meanings of Pain Simon van Rysewyk Editor Meanings of Pain 123 Editor Simon vanRysewyk Department ofPhilosophy andGender Studies Schoolof Humanities University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS Australia ISBN978-3-319-49021-2 ISBN978-3-319-49022-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49022-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016955431 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland For Elina, and all people who struggle with pain Contents 1 A Call for Study on the Meanings of Pain ... .... .... ..... .... 1 Simon van Rysewyk 2 Pain and the Dangers of Objectivity .... .... .... .... ..... .... 23 Stuart W.G. Derbyshire 3 Neural Plasticity and the Malleability of Pain. .... .... ..... .... 37 Grant Gillett 4 The Emotional Perception of Phantom Limb Pain. .... ..... .... 55 Magali Fernández-Salazar 5 Is Pain Unreal?.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 71 Simon van Rysewyk 6 The Contribution of New Technological Breakthroughs to the Neuroscientific Research of Pain Communication ..... .... 87 Aurore Meugnot and Philip L. Jackson 7 A Scientific and Philosophical Analysis of Meanings of Pain in Studies of Pain and Suffering . .... .... .... ..... .... 107 Bustan Smadar 8 An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Non-Malignant Chronic Low Back Pain . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 129 Sherrill Snelgrove 9 Phenomenology of Chronic Pain: De-Personalization and Re-Personalization.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 147 Saulius Geniusas 10 Pain Experience and Structures of Attention: A Phenomenological Approach. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 165 Agustín Serrano de Haro vii viii Contents 11 Should Investigators Introspect on Their Own Pain Experiences as Study Co-Participants? .. .... .... .... ..... .... 181 Simon van Rysewyk and Carl L. von Baeyer 12 The Moral Experience of the Person with Chronic Pain ..... .... 195 Ian Edwards 13 Chronic Pain and Meaning in Life: Challenge and Change... .... 211 Jessie Dezutter, Laura Dewitte and Siebrecht Vanhooren 14 The Lived Experience of Pain-Related Fear in People with Chronic Low Back Pain.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 227 Samantha Bunzli, Anne Smith, Rob Schütze and Peter O’Sullivan 15 Conceptualising Secondary Pain Affect: The More Personal and Elaborate Feelings .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 251 Drew Carter 16 Mental Imagery in Chronic Pain: An Access to Meaning Beyond Words. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 267 Chantal Berna 17 The Challenge of Validating the Experience of Chronic Pain: The Importance of Intersubjectivity and Reframing ... ..... .... 281 John Quintner and Milton Cohen 18 Meanings of Chronic Pain in Patient Interactions with Health Services .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 295 Karin Säll Hansson, Carina Elmqvist, Gunilla Lindqvist and Kent Stening 19 Making Sense: Regaining Self-Coherence .... .... .... ..... .... 309 Bronwyn Lennox Thompson 20 Seeking Order Amidst the Chaos: The Role of Metaphor Within Pain Reconceptualisation ... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 325 Mike Stewart 21 The Social Side of Pain: What Does it Mean to Feel Another’s Pain?.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 355 Melita J. Giummarra, Lincoln M. Tracy, Kurtis A. Young and Bernadette M. Fitzgibbon 22 Tests and Models to Study Pain in Animal-Based Translational Research.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 375 Michel Barrot, Eric Salvat and Ipek Yalcin 23 Animal Pain: The Limits of Meaning ... .... .... .... ..... .... 389 David B. Morris Chapter 1 A Call for Study on the Meanings of Pain Simon van Rysewyk Shetoldmethatthehighpointofherlifewasplayingtheorganforherchurchchoir.She lived for the twice-a-week practices and Sunday performances. Now, with pain immobi- lizingherelbow,shecouldnolongermanagethekeyboard.Herdaysheldnothingthatshe lookedforwardto.Theconstantachinghadrobbedheroranyhope.Lifeseemedemptyof everythingexceptpain.WhenIaskedherifshehadexplainedthistothestaffoftheclinic, sherepliedthattheyhadnotasked.Hermedicalhistory,asonemightexpect,readexactly likethehistoryofanelbow(Morris1991,p.275). Pain is a complex personal experience, with the widely accepted definition of painadvocatedbytheInternationalAssociationfortheStudyofPaindefiningitas an“unpleasantsensoryandemotionalexperienceassociatedwithactualorpotential tissuedamage,ordescribedintermsofsuchdamage”(InternationalAssociationfor the Study of Pain 2005). This definition rejects the traditional view that pain is causedbytissuedamagealone(Sternback1968;Mountcastle1974),andreplacesit with the claim that pain is associated with perceived bodily damage, thus sup- portingmultiplecausesandmediators.Nociceptionreferstotheunconsciousneural process of encoding noxious stimuli. In contrast, pain is a conscious personal experience that varies with the organism. In normal adult humans, pain links with meaning, appraisal, learning, emotional and cognitive experiences and responses (MelzackandCasey1968;HaleandHadjistavropoulos1997;Arntz andClaassens 2004;Avila2013;Gatcheletal.2007;PriceandBarrell2012;vanRysewyk2014). Several pain interventions are based on psychological mechanisms, with evidence supporting their beneficial role in pain management (e.g. Nicholas et al. 1992; Morleyetal.1999;Jensenetal.2001;ButlerandMoseley2003;Louwetal.2011). S.vanRysewyk(&) SchoolofHumanities,DepartmentofPhilosophyandGenderStudies, UniversityofTasmania,PrivateBag41Hobart,Tasmania7001,Australia e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2016 1 S.vanRysewyk(ed.),MeaningsofPain, DOI10.1007/978-3-319-49022-9_1 2 S.vanRysewyk Althoughsignificantimprovementsinourunderstandingofpainhavebeenmade through preclinical and clinical scientific research, pain is often poorly recognized and poorly treated in the clinic (Craig 2009). Advancements in pain neurobiology are necessaryto attaina more complete view of thenature of pain and tooptimize its treatment (e.g. Tracey and Mantyh 2007; Wager et al. 2013; Nijs et al. 2014). However, such developments are insufficient without dedicated study of the psy- chosocial factors that determine qualities of pain experience and pain-related out- comes (e.g. Walsh et al. 2004; Kirwan et al. 2007; O’Brien et al. 2010; Hadjistavropoulos et al. 2011; Avila 2013; van Rysewyk 2014; Edwards et al. 2016).AsDavidMorrisrecognizesinChap.22,“Anunderstandingofpain,evenin its most basic logico-scientific dimensions, cannot entirely float free from human motivations, human satisfactions, and human twists.” This book acknowledges calls in the literature for research scientists and clini- cians to recognize biopsychosocial approaches to pain (Hadjistavropoulos et al. 2011). These calls parallel the growth of patient-centered organizations and advocacy groups that seek to integrate patients into the process of prioritizing research needs and creating alliances wherein patients and researchers partner together to accomplish research goals. Although biopsychosocial and patient-centered approaches to pain are well-supported by evidence (e.g. Gatchel et al. 2007; O’Brien et al. 2010; Hadjistavropoulos et al. 2011), preference for neurobiology continues to overshadow research and clinical attention to psy- chosocial factors of pain such as meaning (e.g. Morris 1991, 2001, 2010, 2013; PriceandAydede2006;PriceandBarrell2012;ThackerandMoseley2012;Avila 2013; van Rysewyk 2014). This interdisciplinary book is the first to report in-depth scientific research dedicated to the meanings of pain. Situated within the wider context of a biopsy- chosocialframework,thisbookaimstoimproveunderstandingofthelinkbetween perceived meaning and pain, and to stimulate further research in this area. The intended audience of the book is research scientists, clinicians, patients with pain, and caregivers. To improve understanding of the meanings of pain in the target audience, this book studies several aspects within this area. These aspects include, commonmeaningsofpain acrosstypesofpain,extendedpain-relatedfeelingsand their meanings, meanings of pain associated with patient-clinician interactions, interactionsbetweenbrainactivityandmeaningsofpain,qualitativemethodssuited to studying meanings of pain, and meanings of pain in rodents and non-human animals. These aspects,together with relevantchapters inthe book, are introduced below. To my knowledge, no book in the pain literature presents research solely on meanings of pain together with a research call to study such meanings. Bustan (in press)focuses onthecomplexityofhumansufferingandpain,withattentioninthe book partly devoted to analysis of the meanings of suffering and pain. In the scientific literature on consciousness, Price and Barrell (2012) develop a research program with a focus on conscious experience and experiential meaning, but only onechapterofthatbookappliesthisintegrativeapproachtopainexperienceandits common meanings. The call in this book is methodologically compatible with 1 ACallforStudyontheMeaningsofPain 3 “Neurophenomenology,” a research program developed in the 1990s to study the neuroscienceofconsciousness(Varela1996).However,veryfewempiricalstudies ofpainhavebeenconductedbasedwithinthisprogram(e.g.Grace2003;Rainville and Price 2004; Kerr et al. 2011; Valenzuela-Moguillansky 2013) and few theo- retical pain publications have used it to develop theories and qualitative models aboutthemeaningsoflivedpainexperience(e.g.Giordano2010;Fink2011).Also, the focus of this book is on meaning, not consciousness (for the latter, see Garcia-Larrea and Jackson 2016). Thus, this book offers the first comprehensive treatment of the topic in the pain field. As such, it stands to make unique contri- butions towards study of the meanings of pain, and particularly towards under- standing relationships between such meanings, the brain, and clinical practice. Readers can take this introduction in parallel with, or independently of, reading the book. Chapters are mutually reinforcing, and interwoven with the same con- cerns. Despite the overlapping structure of the book, chapters are topically arran- ged. Chapters 1–5 focus on relationships between pain experience, meanings of pain, and the brain; Chaps. 6–11 present several qualitative methods suitable for studying meanings of pain; Chaps. 12–15 address extended pain-related feelings and their meanings. Relationships between meanings of pain and clinical practice featureinChaps.16–20.Chapters21and22areaboutstudyingandunderstanding meanings of pain in rodents and non-human animals. The 36 international book contributors approach meanings of pain from diverse research perspectives, including health psychology, psychophysics, philosophy, phenomenology, psy- chiatry, humanities, and cognitive and behavioural neurobiology. Many chapters are interdisciplinary, combining multiple perspectives. 1 Pain Experience and the Primary Meaning of Pain Psychophysical studies offirst (“protopathic”) and second (“epicritic”) pain using investigator-participantsandstudiesofpatientswithpainrevealcommonmeanings within the experiences of different types of pain. William Landau and George H. Bishopconductedself-experimentstostudythequalitativedifferencesbetweenfirst andsecondpain,andfoundthatfirstpainwassharporstinging,well-localized,and brief, whereas second pain was dull, aching, throbbing, or burning, poorly local- ized, and longer lasting (Landau and Bishop 1953). In his own self-experiments, Head (1920) found that first pain was associated with temporal summation, spatial spread, and an increase in arousal. It was later discovered that the qualities offirst pain, including the increase in “arousal,” is the result of C-nociceptor activation, whereas A-nociceptor activation leads to second pain. These findings were confirmed in studies combining psychophysical and phe- nomenologicaldesignsusinginvestigator-andnaïveparticipants.Theunpleasantness of first and second pain was found to be associated with a common meaning of immediate intrusion or attack upon the body, despite the observed qualitative dif- ferencesbetweenthesetypesofpain(Price1972;Priceetal.1977;Staudetal.2001).
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