Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops PDF
Preview Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops
Editors M. Mani · C. Shivaraju Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops M. Mani • C. Shivaraju Editors Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops Editors M. Mani C. Shivaraju I ndian Institute of Horticultural Research I ndian Institute of Horticultural Research Bangalore , India Bangalore , India ISBN 978-81-322-2675-8 ISBN 978-81-322-2677-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2677-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930104 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media ( w ww.springer. com ) Dedicated to my wife Vijayarani who was involved with the work on mealybugs. She had helped me to carryout extensive surveys for mealybugs in different crops in India. She has also played a major role in fi nalising the draft on Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops . Foreword C rop protection in the present day is as important as crop production. Pests have plagued mankind from the beginning and will continue to vex the people and thwart all their endeavors to the end. Mealybugs are sap-sucking insects named for the powdery secretions covering the bodies. Mealybugs are soft- bodied insects covered with waxy coating. They are sessile insects. They are phloem feeders and suck the sap from all plant parts and also transmit some plant disease thus causing serious economic losses to economically important crop plants. Many of the mealybugs are arboreal and some are subterranean feeding on the roots. They are windblown, and the spreading of mealybugs is facilitated by wind. Within 2 days of hatching, they are also covered by waxy coating making them hard to get killed with chemicals. Hence they are called as “hard to kill insects”. Mealybugs mostly live in protected habitats. They are found in cracks, crevices inside the fruit clusters, lower surface of the leaves, etc. Since they live in concealed plant parts, the chemicals will not reach the target pests making chemical control ineffective. Many a time, mealybugs become abun- dant in the fruiting phase of the plants. Several applications of insecticides are needed for mealybug control. Thus frequent application of insecticides for mealybug control leads to residue problem on the fruits, making unfi t for export and hazardous to domestic market. T his book covers all the basic and applied aspects of the mealybug species ultimately useful to implement the integrated mealybug management in differ- ent agricultural crops. The book covers the information on identifi cation of the mealybugs, morphology, cytogenetics, taxonomy, molecular characterization for identifi cation, biology, damage, mealybugs as vectors, seasonal develop- ment, natural enemies, culturing of mealybugs, ant association, control mea- sures, insecticide resistance and mealybug management in different crops. T his book on M ealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops is fi rst of its kind since there is no comprehensive book covering all aspects of mealybug available in the world. This will serve as a guide for crop growers, state goverment offi cials and other stake holders industry, besides researchers and students engaged in mealybug research and development activities. Indian Council of Agricultural Research N. K. Krishna Kumar New Delhi 12 , India, July, 2014 vii Pref ace Mealybugs throughout the world cause a variety of economic problems. The most obvious damage is caused by the sucking habits of these insects. Heavy infestations often cause stunting or death to the plant host. At times, mealy- bugs have toxins and act as vectors of certain viruses detrimental to plant life. I nformation on morphology, cytogenetics, taxonomy, molecular charac- terization for identifi cation, morphology, biology, damage, mealybugs as vec- tors, seasonal development, natural enemies, culturing of mealybugs, ant association, control measures, insecticide resistance etc are covered in this book. It also deals with the all the mealybug management practices, which include monitoring of mealybugs, use of pheromones, cultural practices, chemical control and biological suppression available in the world. W e tried to accommodate almost all the important information generated on the mealybugs up to 2014. A complete list of mealybug occurring in dif- ferent crop growing regions of the world is also covered in this book, which will be ready reckoner for the crops. We sincerely hope that this book will provide useful information to many entomologists and students working on mealybugs. It is a pleasure to thank all those people who gave help, sugges- tions and encouragement in the preparation of our book M ealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops . Bangalore, Karnataka, India M. Mani C. Shivaraju ix
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