McGraw-Hill dictionary of geology and mineralogy PDF
Preview McGraw-Hill dictionary of geology and mineralogy
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy Second Edition McGraw-Hill NewYork Chicago SanFrancisco Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan NewDelhi SanJuan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto All text in the dictionary was published previously in the McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARYOFSCIENTIFICANDTECHNICALTERMS,SixthEdition,copyright (cid:1)2003byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved. McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, Second Edi- tion,copyright(cid:1)2003byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ExceptaspermittedundertheUnited States Copyright Act of 1976, nopart of this publication may be reproduced ordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrieval system,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. 1234567890 DOC/DOC 09876543 ISBN0-07-141044-9 Thisbookisprintedonrecycled,acid-freepapercontainingamini- mumof50%recycled,de-inkedfiber. This book was set in Helvetica Bold and Novarese Book by the Clarinda Company, Clarinda, Iowa. It was printed and bound by RR Donnelley, The LakesidePress. McGraw-Hillbooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspremi- ums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For moreinformation,pleasewritetotheDirectorofSpecialSales,McGraw-Hill, ProfessionalPublishing,TwoPennPlaza,NewYork,NY10121-2298.Orcontact yourlocalbookstore. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData McGraw-Hilldictionaryofgeologyandmineralogy—2nd.ed. p. cm. “AlltextinthisdictionarywaspublishedpreviouslyintheMcGraw-Hill dictionaryofscientificandtechnicalterms,sixthedition, —T.p.verso. ISBN0-07-141044-9(alk.paper) 1. Geology—Dictionaries. 2. Mineralogy—Dictionaries. I. Title: Dic- tionaryofgeologyandmineralogy. II. McGraw-Hilldictionaryofscientific andtechnicalterms.6thed. QE5.M3654 2003 550(cid:2).3—dc21 2002033173 Staff MarkD.Licker,Publisher—Science ElizabethGeller,ManagingEditor JonathanWeil,SeniorStaffEditor DavidBlumel,StaffEditor AlyssaRappaport,StaffEditor CharlesWagner,DigitalContentManager ReneeTaylor,EditorialAssistant RogerKasunic,VicePresident—Editing,Design,andProduction JoeFaulk,EditingManager FrankKotowski,Jr.,SeniorEditingSupervisor RonLane,ArtDirector ThomasG.Kowalczyk,ProductionManager PamelaA.Pelton,SeniorProductionSupervisor HenryF.Beechhold,PronunciationEditor ProfessorEmeritusofEnglish FormerChairman,LinguisticsProgram TheCollegeofNewJersey Trenton,NewJersey vi How to Use the Dictionary ALPHABETIZATION. The terms in the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy, Second Edition, are alphabetized on a letter-by-letter basis; word spacing, hyphen, comma, solidus, and apostrophe in a term are ignored in thesequencing.Forexample,anorderingoftermswouldbe: abnormalfold acre-yield a-bplane Agassizorogeny ACFdiagram AgeofFishes FORMAT. Thebasicformatforadefiningentryprovidestheterminboldface, thefieldissmallcapitals,andthesingledefinitioninlightface: term[FIELD] Definition. A field may be followed by multiple definitions, each introduced by a bold- facenumber: term[FIELD] 1.Definition.2.Definition.3.Definition. Asimplecross-referenceentryappearsas: term Seeanotherterm. Acrossreferencemayalsoappearincombinationwithdefinitions: term[FIELD] 1.Definition. 2.Seeanotherterm. CROSS REFERENCING. A cross-reference entry directs the user to the definingentry.Forexample,theuserlookingup“abyssal”finds: abyssal Seeplutonic. The user then turns to the “P” terms for the definition. Cross references are alsomadefromvariantspellings,acronyms,abbreviations,andsymbols. aenigmatite Seeenigmatite. aggradation Seeaccretion. barkhan Seebarchan. ALSOKNOWNAS...,etc.Adefinitionmayconcludewithamentionofa synonymoftheterm,avariantspelling,anabbreviationfortheterm,orother such information, introduced by “Also known as ...,” “Also spelled ...,” “Abbreviated ...,” “Symbolized ...,” “Derived from ....” When a term has vii morethanonedefinition,thepositioningofanyofthesephrasesconveysthe extentofapplicability.Forexample: term [FIELD] 1. Definition. Also known as synonym. 2. Definition. SymbolizedT. Intheabovearrangement,“Alsoknownas...”appliesonlytothefirstdefini- tion;“Symbolized...”appliesonlytotheseconddefinition. term[FIELD] Alsoknownassynonym. 1.Definition. 2.Definition. Intheabovearrangement,“Alsoknownas...”appliestobothdefinitions. MINERALFORMULAS. Mineraldefinitionsmayincludeaformulaindicat- ingthecomposition. viii Fields and Their Scope [GEOCHEM] geochemistry—Thefieldthatencompassestheinvestigationof thechemicalcompositionoftheearth,otherplanets,andthesolarsystemand universeasawhole,aswellasthechemicalprocessesthatoccurwithinthem. [GEOL] geology—The study or science of earth, its history, and its life as recordedintherocks;includesthestudyofthegeologicfeaturesofanarea, such as the geometry of rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation. [GEOPHYS] geophysics—Thebranchofgeologyinwhichtheprinciplesand practicesofphysicsareusedtostudytheearthanditsenvironment,thatis, earth,air,and(byextension)space. [MINERAL] mineralogy—The study of naturally occurring inorganic sub- stances,calledminerals,whetherofterrestrialorextraterrestrialorigin. [PALEOBOT] paleobotany—Thestudyoffossilplantsandvegetationofthe geologicpast. [PALEON] paleontology—Thestudyoflifeinthegeologicpastasrecorded byfossilremains. [PETR] petrology—Thebranchofgeologydealingwiththeorigin,occurrence, structure,andhistoryofrocks,especiallyigneousandmetamorphicrocks. ix Pronunciation Key Vowels Consonants a asinbat,that b asinbib,dribble a¯ asinbait,crate ch asincharge,stretch a¨ asinbother,father d asindog,bad e asinbet,net f asinfix,safe e¯ asinbeet,treat g asingood,signal i asinbit,skit h asinhand,behind ı¯ asinbite,light j asinjoint,digit o¯ asinboat,note k asincast,brick o˙ asinbought,taut k asinBach(usedrarely) u˙ asinbook,pull l asinloud,bell u¨ asinboot,pool m asinmild,summer ə asinbut,sofa n asinnew,dent au˙ asincrowd,power n indicatesnasalizationofpreced- o˙i asinboil,spoil ingvowel yə asinformula,spectacular ŋ asinring,single yu¨ asinfuel,mule p asinpier,slip r asinred,scar Semivowels/Semiconsonants s asinsign,post w asinwind,twin sh asinsugar,shoe y asinyet,onion t asintimid,cat th asinthin,breath Stress(Accent) th asinthen,breathe (cid:3) precedessyllablewithprimary v asinveil,weave stress z asinzoo,cruise zh asinbeige,treasure (cid:4) precedessyllablewithsecondary stress Syllabication (cid:1) Indicatessyllableboundary ¦ precedessyllablewithvariable whenfollowingsyllableis orindeterminateprimary/ unstressed secondarystress x Preface TheMcGraw-HillDictionaryofGeologyandMineralogyprovidesacompendiumof morethan9000termsthatarecentraltoabroadrangeofgeologicalsciences andrelatedfields.ThecoverageinthisSecondEditionisfocusedontheareas ofgeochemistry,geology,geophysics,mineralogy,paleobotany,paleontology, andpetrology,withnewtermsaddedandothersrevisedasnecessary. Geologydealswiththesolidearthandtheprocessesthatformedandmodified it as it evolved. Related disciplines include the study of the physics of the earth(geophysics);earthchemistry,composition,andchemicalchanges(geo- chemistry); the composition, properties, and structure of minerals (mineral- ogy);thedescription,classification,origin,andevolutionofrocks(petrology); andthestudyofancientlife(paleontology). Allof thedefinitionsare drawnfromthe McGraw-HillDictionaryof Scientificand TechnicalTerms,SixthEdition(2003).Eachdefinitionisclassifiedaccordingto the field with which it is primarily associated; if it is used in more than one area;itisidentifiedbythegenerallabel[GEOLOGY].Thepronunciationofeach term is provided along with synonyms, acronyms, and abbreviations where appropriate. A guide to the use of the Dictionary appears on pages vii-viii, explaining the alphabetical organization of terms, the format of the book, crossreferencing,andhowsynonyms,variantspellings,abbreviations,mineral formulas,andsimilarinformationarehandled.ThePronunciationKeyispro- videdonpagex.TheAppendixprovidesconversiontablesforcommonlyused scientificunitsaswellasrevisedgeologictimescale,periodictable,historical information,andusefullistingsofgeologicalandmineralogicaldata. Itistheeditors’hopethattheSecondEditionoftheMcGraw-HillDictionaryof Geology and Mineralogy will serve the needs of scientists, engineers, students, teachers, librarians, and writers for high-quality information, and that it will contributetoscientificliteracyandcommunication. MarkD.Licker Publisher v Contents Preface ................................................................................................................. v Staff ...................................................................................................................... vi HowtoUsetheDictionary ........................................................................... vii FieldsandTheirScope .................................................................................. ix PronunciationKey ............................................................................................ x Dictionary .................................................................................................... 1-404 Appendix .................................................................................................. 405-421 EquivalentsofcommonlyusedunitsfortheU.S. CustomarySystemandthemetricsystem .................................... 407 ConversionfactorsfortheU.S.CustomarySystem, metricsystem,andInternationalSystem ...................................... 408 Periodictable ......................................................................................... 412 Principalregionsofastandardearthmodel ..................................... 413 Physicalpropertiesofsomecommonrocks ...................................... 413 Approximateconcentrationoforeelementsinearth’s crustandinores ............................................................................... 414 Elementalcompositionofearth’scrustbasedon igneousandsedimentaryrock ........................................................ 414 Somehistoricalvolcaniceruptions ..................................................... 415 Compositionsofimportantrocktypesintheearth’s crustandtheaveragecontinentalcrust ........................................ 416 Dentalformulasofsomemammals ................................................... 417 Geologiccolumnandscaleoftime .................................................... 418 Typesofvolcanicstructure................................................................... 419 Mohsscale ............................................................................................. 419 Hardness,specificgravity,andrefractiveindices ofgemmaterials ............................................................................... 420
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