Mathematics: The Children's Treasury of Knowledge PDF
Preview Mathematics: The Children's Treasury of Knowledge
THE CHILDREN'S TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE Mathematics TREE OF NUMBERS April weather licence plate 22-56 classi f icat ion and ordering ; ^ ^ e l e c t r o n i c computer pocket ca lcu la to r the binary system abacus discovery of zero Roman numerals 1 2 3 4 5 Chinese numerals Mayan monuments Arabic numerals the Rhind papyrus the Rosetta stone MAYAN MONUMENTS The Maya were a powerful Indian nation in Mexico and Central America about 1 500 years ago. There, people used numerals that looked like THE ROSETTA STONE human faces for recording dates. The Rosetta stone is a tablet that was found at one of the mouths of the River Nile. It became a key to the meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphics (picture-writing). The tablet also recorded ancient THE RHIND PAPYRUS Egyptian numerals. The Rhind papyrus, wri t ten in Egypt more than 3 500 years ago, is the oldest known book on mathematics. It contains problems about the areas of triangles and rectangles. THE CHILDREN'S TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE Mathematics Translated from Kodansha's Children's Colour Encyclopaedia Adapted and edited by the edi tors of FEP Internat ional Ltd. Distributed by Time-Life Books Printed in Singapore under the supervision of Time-L i fe Librar ies (Asia) Pte., Ltd. Text by Yoshikazu Horiba Teacher of Saginomiya High School Layout by Mitsumasa Anno Book design by AD 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Photographs, illustrations, and data appearing in this book have been made available through the courtesy of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology; Eiji Hamano; Fujikato; Geographical Survey Insti tute; Hagley and Hoyle Pte., Ltd.; Haruo Fujiwara; Hiroo Tachibana; J.O.; John Bartholomew & Son Limited; Kiyoshi Kuwana; Kokunai Jigyo Koku Co. Ltd., Kozo Kakimoto; Kyodo Tsushin; Mitsumasa Anno; National Theatre; North American Newspaper Alliance; Pan-Asia Newspaper All iance; St. Mary's International School; Seisen International School; Tadao Tominari; Takeo Nakamura; Tsurunosuke Fujiyoshi; Yasuji Mori. The publishers wish to thank Mrs Fay Palmer for her assistance. © Kodansha Ltd. 1970,1975 All rights reserved. CONTENTS Page SETS 7 Making sets; Relationship between sets NUMBERS 11 The history of numerals; Numerals of today; What numbers stand for ; How to write big numbers; Addit ion; Subtraction; Addition and subtraction; Rules of addit ion; Mult ipl icat ion; Multipl ication table; Mult iples and common multiples; Division; Multipl ication and division; Rules of mult ipl icat ion; Factors and common factors; Fractions; Decimals; Inequalities and equations; Tools of calculation; Positive numbers and negative numbers SHAPES 47 Interesting shapes; Simple shapes; Lines and angles; Parallel and perpendicular; Triangles; Quadrilaterals; Circles; Various curves; Solid shapes; Positions of points; Mathematical models; Similarity and congruence; Reduced copies and enlarged copies; Symmetries QUANTITIES 73 Length; Area; Volume; Weight; Time; Motion and speed; Direct proportions; Inverse proportions; Ratio and percentage; Probability STATISTICS 95 Tables; Graphs; Classification and ordering FAMOUS PEOPLE IN MATHEMATICS 103 TABLE OF UNITS 110 INDEX 111 Abbreviations used in this series: LENGTH DENSITY ! metre = m kilogramme per cubic metre = kg/m 3 centimetre = cm gramme per cubic centimetre = g/cm kilometre = km millimetre = mm VELOCITY AND SPEED metre per second = m/s MASS kilometre per hour = km/h kilogramme = kg gramme = g POWER tonne = t watt = W kilowatt = kW TIME horse power = h.p. second = s minute = min TEMPERATURE hour = h Temperature (common) = degree Celsius = °C Absolute temperature = K AREA 2 square metre m PRESSURE (FOR METEOROLOGY) 2 square centimetre cm millibar = mb 2 square millimetre mm bar = b hectare ha VOLUME cubic metre m 3 cubic centimetre = cm litre I mil l i l i t re = ml Groups of things that go together are called sets. Two water-melons make up a set. Three pineapples also make up a set. A bunch of green grapes and a bunch of purple grapes make up a set. Even a single melon can be called a set. We can also put tangerines and oranges together to form a single set. The idea of sets is basic to arithmetic. From now on, SETS arithmetic wi l l unfold in terms of the idea of sets. We shall learn how to split up a group that contains several different things. We shall learn the relations between various sets that contain different objects, and much more. 'ARIOUS KINDS OF SETS 7 M A K I N G Q F T 9 * A is a group of things put together. * A part of a set is called a ^t/A^e? of the set. * We say that a subset of a set is contained in the set. In a wi ldl i fe park, for example, we can say that the giraffes are a subset contained in the set of animals. All the animals kept in the wildl i fe park together form a set. A set of animals in a w i l d l i f e park.
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