Maternal Fetal Transmission of Human Viruses and their Influence on Tumorigenesis PDF
Preview Maternal Fetal Transmission of Human Viruses and their Influence on Tumorigenesis
Maternal Fetal Transmission of Human Viruses and their Influence on Tumorigenesis Gyo¨rgy Berencsi III Editor Maternal Fetal Transmission of Human Viruses and their Influence on Tumorigenesis Editor Gyo¨rgyBerencsiIII DivisionofVirology NationalCenterforEpidemiology Gya´liStreet2-6,BldgC Budapest,Hungary ISBN978-94-007-4215-4 ISBN978-94-007-4216-1(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4216-1 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012936074 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface “Maternal fetal transmission of human viruses and their influence on tumorigenesis” is a volume based on several decades of experiences collected in connection with clinical diagnostics and research experience of virologists, pathologists, oncologists and obstetricians. The work of series of PhD students is appreciated first. Achilles’ heels are present on every barriers of the human body including the maternal-fetal barriere. Bidirectional transcytosis were shown to transferstemcellsbetweenthefetusandthemother,butpremalignantormalignant cells might be present among them. Latent viruses might be carried by maternal- fetalmicrochimerismintothefetalorgans.Thesevirusesmightmodulatethefetal immunesystemandtheT cellscanprobablyimpairtheantitumorimmunityof REG thechilddecadesafterthebirthoftheindividualorproducelong-termvirus-carrier stateinsomeofthem.Chromosomallyintegratedviruseswereshowntobepresent incertain cells resulting inMendelianinheritence ofthevirusinlater generations ofthefamily(Arbuckleetal.inthisvolume). Endogenous human retroviruses were shown to play an important role in the formation of these maternal fetal barriers and in the development of the fetal immunesystem(Ayetal.inthisvolume). Maternal fetal transport mechanisms are essential for the post-natal humoral immunityofthenewbornsagainstinfectiousagents.Immunocomplexesofviruses, howeveralsowerefoundtobetransportedsometimesintothefetusresultingsimilar consequences mentioned above. Anti-idiotypic antibodies and dimers of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic IgG can be transfered by the fetal FcRn receptor presenting the mimicry of different antigens to the developping fetal immune system resulting in “transgenerationalpriming”ofitagainstinfectionsofthemotherevenbeforepreg- nancy(Lemkeetal.inthisvolume).Pathologicalmaternalantibodiesofthemother suffering fromautoimmune diseaseswere shown tobetranscytosed, too.Transient illnessesofthenewbornscanbecausedbytheseantibodiesemphasisingtheroleof anti-idiotypes,whichmaymitigatetheclinicalsymptomes. Transcytosisofvirusesintothefetus(hepatitisBvirus)havebeenshown(Bhat in this volume) resulting complete immunodeficiency of the newborn without disease,butprobablythelongtermantigenicmimicryoftheidiotype-anti-idiotype v vi Preface network can resolve the problem and result in a non-cytocydal virus elimination withoutthedevelopmentofmalignancydependingonthesubtypeofthevirusand haplotypesofthepatients(BerencsiIIIandO¨rdo¨ginthisvolume). The immunological modulation of the maternal immune system is responsible forthereactivationoflatentlyharbouredvirusesandsometimestheirtransmission tothefetus.Thefetal-maternalbidirectionaltransferofmalignantandpremalignant cells was shown to initiate malignancies in the pregnants and although the fetus wasfoundtopossessanactiveanticancercapability,sometimesfetalmalignancies ofmaternaloriginmayoccur. The authors should like to acknowledge the professional help and support of Ilona Straub and Ma´rta Melles (General Directors of the National Center of Epidemiology,Budapest,Hungary).TheworkandadviceofElekFarkas,founder andIstva´nDo¨mo¨ksubsequentHeadoftheDepartmentofVirology.Miklo´sKoller, Erzse´bet Molna´r, Istva´n Fo¨ldes, Sa´ndor Koch and Istva´n Na´sz Professors for the supportoftheworkoftheseniorauthors.JosephSinkovics(Tampa,Florida),George Klein(KarolinskaInstitutet,Stockholm),GerhardSauer(Heidelberg),HansEggers and Walter Doerfler (Ko¨ln), Hans Gelderblom (Robert Koch Institut, Berlin), Rudolph Siegert (Marburg), Erwin Kuntz, Rudolf Rott, Christoph Scholtissek (Giessen), Attila Zsindely and Be´la Tanko´ (Debrecen), Tommy Linne´and Sa´ndor Bela´k(Uppsala),RaduCrainicandFrancisDelpeyreux(InstitutePateur,Paris). The yearly financial supportobtainedfrom the BNP Paribas,“The Bank for a changingworld”throughtheEpidemiologyFoundationoftheNationalCenterfor EpidemiologyinordertosupportresearchworkoftheEditorofthisvolumeisvery muchappreciated. Contents 1 BarriersoftheHumanOrganismandTheirAchilles’Heels........ 1 Gyo¨rgyBerencsiIIIandMariaTaka´cs 2 RecentResultsontheDevelopmentofFetalImmuneSystem: Self,EpigeneticRegulation,FetalImmuneResponses............... 51 EvaAy,KrisztinaBuzas,FerencBanati,andJanosMinarovits 3 TheRoleofEndogenousRetrovirusesintheFormation ofSyncytiotrophoblastandMaterno-FetalBarrier .................. 83 EvaAy,FerencBanati,KatalinTuri-Balog,andJanosMinarovits 4 Maternal-FetalInfectionswithHumanViruses ...................... 105 Gyo¨rgyBerencsiIIIandMa´rtaCsire 5 TheMechanismandSignificanceofIntegrationandVertical TransmissionofHumanHerpesvirus6Genome ..................... 171 JesseH.Arbuckle,SharaPantry,andPeterG.Medveczky 6 Maternal-FetalTransmissionofHBV................................. 195 PurnimaBhat 7 PolarisedTransferofProteinsThroughtheSyncytiotrophobalst andTissueCultureCellLines.......................................... 223 Gyo¨rgyBerencsiIIIandKatalinO¨rdo¨g 8 FunctionofMaternalIdiotypicandAnti-idiotypicAntibodies asTransgenerationalMessengers...................................... 249 HilmarLemke,RaduI.Tanasa,AhmadTrad,andHansLange 9 FetalandNeonatalIllnessesCausedorInfluenced byMaternalTransplacentalIgGand/orTherapeutic AntibodiesAppliedDuringPregnancy ................................ 281 Gyo¨rgyBerencsiIIIandKatalinN.Szomor vii viii Contents 10 Maternal-FetalMicrochimerismandFetal-Juvenile Malignancies............................................................. 335 Gyo¨rgyBerencsiIIIandErzse´betBarcsay 11 MaternalTumoursAssociatedwithandInfluenced byPregnancy ............................................................ 389 Gyo¨rgyBerencsiIII Abbreviations ................................................................. 443 Index........................................................................... 459 Chapter 1 Barriers of the Human Organism and Their Achilles’ Heels Gy€orgyBerencsiIIIandMariaTaka´cs Contents 1.1 Introduction............................................................................. 3 1.1.1 BarrieroftheMucosaofGenitalOrgans...................................... 4 1.1.2 OralTolerance(OT)............................................................ 4 1.1.3 OrganisationofImmuneCells................................................. 5 1.1.4 IntranasalInoculationandOralTolerance..................................... 7 1.1.5 TheBrestFeeding............................................................... 8 1.2 TheBlood-BrainBarrier(BBB)........................................................ 9 1.3 TheHumanSkinIsHomingMoreT-Cells ThantheBloodandLymphoidOrgans................................................ 10 1.3.1 TCellsfromNormalHumanSkin............................................. 10 1.3.2 DendriticCells,SkinandMucosalBarriers................................... 11 1.4 TheBlood-RetinalBarrierandSympatheticOphtalmia............................... 13 1.4.1 VirusInfectionsoftheEyeBulb,LensandRetinalEpithelium.............. 14 1.4.2 TheEffectofPregnancyandDiabetesontheBlood-RetinalBarrier........ 14 1.5 BloodTesticleBarrier(BTB)........................................................... 15 1.6 UniqueFeaturesoftheMaternal-FetalBarrier........................................ 17 1.7 ImmunomodulationoftheMaternalImmuneSystem inOrdertoTolerateFetalTissues...................................................... 18 1.8 MHC-Class-II-ExpressingMacrophagesandDendriticCells(DCs)................. 23 1.9 RegulatoryImmuneReceptorsofTrophoblastCells.................................. 24 1.10 Maternal-FetalImmunologicalTolerance.............................................. 25 1.11 Toll-LikeReceptorsattheMaternal-FetalInterface.................................. 29 1.12 ComplementActivationandPregnancy................................................ 30 1.13 ThePreventionofFetalDamagebyInhibitory AsymmetricMaternalAntibodies...................................................... 31 1.14 VirusInfectionsofTrophoblasts,PlacentaandFetus................................. 32 References...................................................................................... 34 G.BerencsiIII(*)(cid:129)M.Taka´cs DivisionofVirology,NationalCenterforEpidemiology,Gya´liStreet2-6, BldgC,H-1096Budapest,Hungary e-mail:[email protected];[email protected] G.BerencsiIII(ed.),MaternalFetalTransmissionofHumanViruses 1 andtheirInfluenceonTumorigenesis,DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4216-1_1, #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2012
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