Materials Science in Photocatalysis PDF
Preview Materials Science in Photocatalysis
Materials Science in Photocatalysis Materials Science in Photocatalysis Edited by Elisa I. Garcı´a-Lo´pez Professor, Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Leonardo Palmisano “Schiavello-Grillone” Photocatalysis Group, Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusing anyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethods theyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhavea professionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliability foranyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,or fromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-821859-4 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:SusanDennis EditorialProjectManager:AeraF.Gariguez ProductionProjectManager:BharatwajVaratharajan CoverDesigner:VictoriaPearson TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ University,CenterforMembraneTechnology,Aalborg, contributionsbegin. Denmark ZahraAbbasi(235),DepartmentofChemistry,Facultyof VlastaBrezova´ (125),InstituteofPhysicalChemistryand Science,ShahidChamranUniversityofAhvaz,Ahvaz, ChemicalPhysics,FacultyofChemicalandFoodTech- Iran nology,SlovakUniversityofTechnologyinBratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Sambandam Anandan (283), Department of Chemistry, National Instituteof Technology,Trichy,India Adele Brunetti(523),InstituteonMembraneTechnology (ITM-CNR), National Research Council c/o The MasakazuAnpo(171),DepartmentofAppliedChemistry, University ofCalabria, Rende CS, Italy GraduateSchoolofEngineering,OsakaPrefectureUni- versity, Sakai, Osaka, Japan V.Capucci(649),IrisCeramicaGroup,FioranoM.se,Italy K Aswani Raj (505), Department of Chemistry, IIT Erik Cerrato (221), Department of Chemistry and NIS Dharwad, Dharwad,Karnataka, India Centre,University ofTorino, Torino, Italy Ana Bahamonde (83), Environmental Catalystis Engi- G. Cerrato (649), Department of Chemistry, Universita` neering Group, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochem- degliStudi diTorino, Torino, Italy istry, Madrid, Spain FedericoCesano(385),ChemistryDepartment;NISInter- F. Baldassarre (603), Biological and Environmental departmental Centre, Torino University,Torino,Italy SciencesDepartment&UdRINSTMofLecce,University G. Ciccarella (603), Biological and Environmental of Salento; Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR Sciences Department & UdR INSTM of Lecce, NANOTEC,NationalResearchCouncil,Lecce,Italy University of Salento; Institute of Nanotechnology, Giuseppe Barbieri (523), Department of Environmental CNR NANOTEC, National Research Council, Lecce, andChemicalEngineering,TheUniversityofCalabria, Italy Rende CS, Italy Juan C. Colmenares (575), Institute of Physical Chem- Zuzana Barbierikova´ (125), Institute of Physical Chem- istry, Polish Academy of Sciences,Warsaw, Poland istry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and JoseC.Conesa(267),InstituteofCatalysisandPetrochem- Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology istry, CSIC, Madrid,Spain inBratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic JuanM.Coronado(139),InstituteofCatalysisandPetro- E. Bernardini (357), Chemistry Department, Torino chemistry, CSIC,Madrid,Spain University,Torino, Italy M.Covei(371),CenterforRenewableEnergySystemand C.L. Bianchi (649), Department of Chemistry, Universita` Recycling, Transilvania University of Brasov, Bra¸sov, degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy Romania Vittorio Boffa (385), Aalborg University, Center for F. Deganello (357), Institute for the Study of Nanostruc- Membrane Technology,Aalborg, Denmark tured Materials (ISMN)—Italian National Research C.Bogatu(371),CenterforRenewableEnergySystemand Council(CNR), Palermo,Italy Recycling, Transilvania University of Brasov, Bra¸sov, Francesco Di Franco (115), Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Romania Universita` degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo,Italy Fabr´ıcio Eduardo Bortot Coelho (385), Chemistry R. Djellabi (649), Department of Chemistry, Universita` Department, Torino University, Torino, Italy; Aalborg degliStudi diMilano, Milano, Italy xv xvi Contributors A. Duta (371), Center for Renewable Energy System and Cd. Universitaria, San Nicola´s de los Garza, NL, Recycling, Transilvania University of Brasov, Bra¸sov, Mexico Romania Sam Hseien-Y. Hsu (575), School of Energy and Dana Dvoranova´ (125), Institute of Physical Chemistry Environment, Hong Kong, China and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Shin-Ting Hwang (283), Department of Environmental Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Taichung, Taiwan Gabriela Dyrda (183), Institute of Chemistry, University Ana Iglesias-Juez (139), Institute of Catalysis and Petro- ofOpole,Opole, Poland chemistry,CSIC, Madrid, Spain MayaEndo-Kimura(421),InstituteforCatalysis(ICAT), Lakshmanan Karuppasamy (283), Department of Envi- Hokkaido University,Sapporo, Japan ronmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia D. Fabbri (357), Chemistry Department, Torino University,Taichung,Taiwan University,Torino, Italy MarcinKobielusz(95),FacultyofChemistry,Jagiellonian IrinaM.Factori(341),HumanandNaturalSciencesCenter, University,Krako´w, Poland FederalUniversity ofABC—UFABC, Santo Andr(cid:1)e,SP, Ewa Kowalska (421), Institute for Catalysis (ICAT); Brazil Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido Marisol Faraldos (83), Environmental Catalystis Engi- University,Sapporo, Japan neering Group, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochem- Anna Kubacka (409), Institute of Catalysis and Petro- istry, Madrid,Spain chemistry,CSIC, Madrid, Spain Junting Feng (485), State Key Laboratory of Chemical Joanna Kuncewicz (95), Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiel- ResourceEngineering, Beijing University ofChemical lonian University,Krako´w,Poland Technology,Beijing, China Maria Kuznetsova (341), Human and Natural Sciences Pablo S. Ferna´ndez (341), Chemistry Institute, State Center, Federal University of ABC—UFABC, Santo University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Andr(cid:1)e, SP, Brazil Brazil Xianjun Lang (561), Sauvage Center for Molecular Sci- Marcos Ferna´ndez-Garc´ıa (409), Institute of Catalysis ences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Petrochemistry, CSIC, Madrid, Spain Wuhan University, Wuhan,China Bel(cid:1)en Ferrer (543), Chemistry Department, Universitat Enzo Laurenti (589), Chemistry Department, Torino Polite`cnica deVale`ncia, Valencia, Spain University,Torino,Italy Paolo Fornasiero (485), Chemistry Department, INSTM Xia Li (561), Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan ofTrieste, Trieste, Italy University,Wuhan, China Fernando Fresno (139), Photoactivated Processes Unit, Leonarda F. Liotta (13), Institute for the Study of Nano- InstituteIMDEAEnergy,Madrid,Spain structured Materials, Palermo,Italy R.Galli (649), DiSTAS-Department for SustainableFood WojciechMacyk(95),FacultyofChemistry,Jagiellonian Process,Universita`CattolicadelSacroCuore,Piacenza, University,Krako´w, Poland Italy GiulianaMagnacca(357,385,589),ChemistryDepartment; Hermenegildo Garc´ıa (543), Instituto Universitario de NISInterdepartmentalCentre,TorinoUniversity,Torino, Tecnolog´ıa Qu´ımica, CSIC-UPV, Universitat Poli- Italy te`cnicade Vale`ncia, Valencia,Spain GiuseppeMarc`ı(13,37,319),DepartmentofEngineering, Elisa I. Garc´ıa-Lo´pez (3, 13, 37, 235, 319), Department Universityof Palermo, Palermo, Italy of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences andTechnologies(STEBICEF),UniversityofPalermo, Michele Mazzanti (301), Department of Chemical, Palermo,Italy Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University ofFerrara, Ferrara,Italy DimitriosA.Giannakoudakis(575),InstituteofPhysical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Giuseppe Mele (183), Department of Engineering for Poland Innovation,University ofSalento, Lecce,Italy D.B.Hernandez-Uresti(211),AutonomousUniversityof AriannaMelillo(543),ChemistryDepartment,Universitat Nuevo Leo´n, Physical-Mathematical Sciences Faculty, Polite`cnicade Vale`ncia, Valencia, Spain Contributors xvii Marco Minella (449), Department of Chemistry and IleniaRossetti(63),ChemicalPlantsandIndustrialChem- NIS—Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Inte- istryGroup,DepartmentofChemistry,Universita`degli rdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Studi di Milano and INSTM Unit Milano Universita`, Italy Milan, Italy Claudio Minero (449), Department of Chemistry and D. Sa´nchez-Mart´ınez (211), Autonomous University of NIS—Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interde- NuevoLeo´n,CivilEngineeringFaculty—Ecomaterials partmental Centre, Universityof Turin, Turin, Italy andEnergyDepartment,Cd.Universitaria,SanNicola´s de los Garza, NL, Mexico Alessandra Molinari (301), Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University Monica Santamaria (115), Dipartimento di Ingegneria, ofFerrara, Ferrara, Italy Universita` degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo,Italy Nikolaos G. Moustakas (255), Leibinz Institute for Patricia V.B. Santiago (341), Chemistry Institute, State Catalysis (LIKAT),Rostock,Germany University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil Vaishakh Nair (575), National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore,India Rudolf Słota (183), Institute of Chemistry, University of Opole,Opole, Poland SergioNavalo´n(543),ChemistryDepartment,Universitat Polite`cnica de Vale`ncia, Valencia,Spain Fabrizio Sordello (449), Department of Chemistry and NIS—Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interde- Bunsho Ohtani (159), Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido partmental Centre, UniversityofTurin, Turin, Italy University,Sapporo, Japan Juliana S. Souza (341), Human and Natural Sciences Sibila A.A. Oliveira (341), Human and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC—UFABC, Santo Center, Federal University of ABC—UFABC, Santo Andr(cid:1)e,SP, Brazil Andr(cid:1)e,SP, Brazil G. Spigno (649), DiSTAS-Department for Sustainable L.Operti(649),DepartmentofChemistry,Universita`degli Food Process, Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Studi diTorino, Torino,Italy Piacenza, Italy MariaCristinaPaganini(221),DepartmentofChemistry Taymaz Tabari (95), Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian andNIS Centre,University ofTorino,Torino, Italy University, Krako´w,Poland L. Palmisano (3), Engineering Department, University of Mai Takashima (159), Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido Palermo, Palermo,Italy University, Sapporo,Japan D. Perniu (371), CenterforRenewableEnergySystemand Recycling, Transilvania University of Brasov, Bra¸sov, Masato Takeuchi (171), Department of Applied Chem- istry,GraduateSchoolofEngineering,OsakaPrefecture Romania University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan Albin Pintar (397), Laboratory for Environmental Sci- MariaLuisaTesta(589),InstitutefortheStudyofNano- encesandEngineering,DepartmentofInorganicChem- structuredMaterials,ItalianNationalResearchCouncil, istry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Palermo, Italy Ljubljana, Slovenia JovanaR.Prekodravac(575),Vin(cid:3)caInstituteofNuclear A´lvaro Tolosana-Moranchel (83), Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engi- Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of neering, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, Serbia, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Belgrade, United Kingdom Serbia Alessandra Bianco Prevot (357, 589), Chemistry Mateusz Trochowski (95), Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiel- Department, Torino University,Torino, Italy lonian University,Krako´w,Poland Tharishinny Raja-Mogan (421), Institute for Catalysis MariaLauraTummino(357,589),ChemistryDepartment, (ICAT); Graduate School of Environmental Science, TorinoUniversity,Torino,Italy HokkaidoUniversity, Sapporo,Japan Kunlei Wang (421), Institute for Catalysis (ICAT), M Rajeswara Rao (505), Department of Chemistry, IIT HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan;NorthwestResearch Dharwad, Dharwad,Karnataka, India Institute,Co.Ltd.ofC.R.E.C.,Lanzhou,P.R.China Ba´rbaraS.Rodrigues(341),HumanandNaturalSciences Qian Wang (485), State Key Laboratory of Chemical Center, Federal University of ABC—UFABC, Santo Resource Engineering,BeijingUniversityof Chemical Andr(cid:1)e,SP, Brazil Technology, Beijing, China; Chemistry Department, xviii Contributors INSTMandICCOM-CNRTriesteResearchUnit,Uni- Gregor Zˇerjav (397), Laboratory for Environmental Sci- versity of Trieste, Trieste,Italy encesandEngineering,DepartmentofInorganicChem- istry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, ZhishunWei(421),SchoolofMaterialsandChemicalEngi- Ljubljana,Slovenia neering,HubeiUniversityofTechnology,Wuhan,China Shuaizhi Zheng (421), Key Laboratory of Low Dimen- JerryJ.Wu(283),DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering sional Materials and Application Technology of Min- andScience,FengChiaUniversity,Taichung,Taiwan istry of Education, School of Materials Science and Andrea Zaffora (115), Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Uni- Engineering,Xiangtan University,Xiangtan, China versita` degli Studi diPalermo,Palermo, Italy Preface Materialssciencehasbecomeanextremely broadandmultidisciplinaryfieldofresearchandtheemergingtechnologies whereitisappliedintherecentyearshavebeenastonishinglyincreasing.Photocatalysis,asabranchofcatalysis,hasbeen oneofthesetechnologicfields,wherethestudyofthematerialsscienceresultedparticularlyimportant.Thisbookattempts tocoverthemainaspectsintheverybroadfieldofmaterialsscienceaddressedtomaterialsappliedinheterogeneousphoto- catalyticprocessofvariousnature.Averywideclassofphotocatalyticmaterialshavebeentreatedhereinanattemptof coverboththemain basicaspectstoapproachthestudyofphotocatalyticmaterialsandalsoexamplesofsolidphotoca- talysts, their features and applications, without, of course, being exhaustive due to the plethora of materials and aspects which would be treated insuch aneffort. Thisbookreportsinformationonseveraltypesofmaterialsusedinheterogeneousphotocatalysisbothfromatheoretical andanapplicativepointofview.Wehopethatthe6sectionscomprising37chapterswillprovideafairlybroadoverview for readers interested in this fascinating field of research. In addition to very popular bare and mixed metal oxides and sulfidessuchasTiO ,ZnO,WO ,MoS ,othermorecomplexandinnovativematerialsareproposedsuchasmetal-organic 2 3 2 structures,grapheneandgrapheneoxide,magneticmaterials,plasmonicnanoparticles,and2Dmaterialsamongothers.The readerwillbeabletoevaluatetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofusingthevariousmaterials,takingintoaccountnotonly theircostbutalsotheir(photo)stability,toxicity,andeaseofpreparation.Moreover,readerscanfindinthebookdifferent typesofexamplesofphotocatalyticreactionsofoxidationandreductioncarriedoutinliquid–solidandingas–solidsystems where the different heterogeneous photocatalysts would be suitable. The various materials presented have been tested, amongotherreactions,forpollutantsdegradation, chemicaltransformations including CO activation, organic synthesis 2 and applications of biomimetic photocatalytic systems, fungal abatement in photocatalytic surfaces. We would like to underline that the authors have tried to deal with the topics so that the reader who wishes to deepen them can find the necessaryliteratureamongthenumerousreferencescitedineachchapter.Webelievethatabookthatsummarizesconcepts andtopicsfromacertainfieldthatcanthenbefurtherexploredinthescientificliteratureisparticularlyusefulforyoung researchersandPhDstudents,aswellasforexperiencedresearcherswhoareabouttostartresearchinthatfield.Finally,we wanttothankallthecolleaguesandfriendswhoenthusiasticallyjoinedusinwritingthebook,andalastbutnotleastthanks goestoElsevierandthestaffwhoaccompanieduswithgreatprofessionalismandpatienceduringthisrewardingadventure. ElisaI. Garc´ıa-Lo´pez and Leonardo Palmisano Every greatadvanceinscience has issuedfrom a new audacity of imagination JohnDewey, 1929 xix Chapter 1 Fundamentals of photocatalysis: The role of the photocatalysts in heterogeneous photo-assisted reactions Elisa I.Garcı´a-Lo´pezaand L.Palmisanob aDepartmentofBiological,ChemicalandPharmaceuticalSciencesandTechnologies(STEBICEF),UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy,bEngineering Department,UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy 1 Introduction The contemporary world is facing energy shortages and environmental problems, which hinder the evolution of human civilizationgivingrisetovarioustypesofcrises.Thehugeconsumptionofenergyandenvironmentalpollutionfromtra- ditional industrial processes, along with the increasing need for synthetic chemicals to satisfy current requirements, are urgent issues tobe addressed for the development of new foundationsfor a sustainable future. These criticalchallenges need solutions that require an important upgrade in energy sources and the conception of new generation processes and manufacturingtechnologies. Researchers, over the past few decades, have been studyingseveral methods to understand howtoovercometheseproblems.Inthiscontext,heterogeneousphotocatalysisappearsasoneoftheusefultechnologies to help these urgent efforts, and it can contribute to managing the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in a sustainableway. Thisintroductorychapterdiscussessomeessentialcharacteristicsofheterogeneousphotocatalysisbymakingconnec- tionswiththermalcatalysis.Wehopethattheiranalysistogetherwiththeexplanationofsomekeyconceptsleadstobetter understandingthecontentsofthechaptersinthisbook.Inparticular,thechapterhighlightstheimportanceofthefeatures andparameters ofsolid photocatalysts. 2 Basic principles of photocatalysis Whenthetermphotocatalysisfirstappearedinscientificliterature,photochemistsfocusedontheaspectsrelatedtospecific processesacceleratedbylight.Fortheirpart,researchersactiveincatalysishighlightedthecatalyticaspects,focusingtheir attentiononthecharacterizationtechniquestypicalofthermalcatalysisandonthereactionprocessesandmechanismsthat canoccuronthesurfaceofsolidparticles,minimizingtheimportanceoflightfortriggeringandcontinuingthereaction. Bothapproachesshouldbecombinedtofullyunderstandthephotochemicalandcatalyticaspectsofaheterogeneousphoto- catalyticreaction.Therehasalwaysbeencompleteagreementinthescientificcommunityregardingtheconceptsanddef- initionsofcatalysis[1],whereasagreementonthesesameaspectsofphotocatalysishasbeenreachedonlyinthelastyears [2–4].Thetermphotocatalysisfirstappearedinliteratureasearlyas1911[5],butonlyBalyetal.,forthefirsttimein1921, studiedthephenomenoninwhichlightacceleratedacatalyticreaction[6].Thepioneeringpapersinwhichphotocatalysis was defined as the process in which the combination of light and a solid catalyst was able to influence a reaction were publishedin1964byDoerfflerandHauffe[7,8].Fromthenon,sporadicexamplesofphotocatalyticreactionshavebeen reportedupuntiltheworkofHondaetal.onthephotoelectrolysisofwaterandthephotoelectrocatalyticreductionofcarbon dioxide usingtitanium dioxide (TiO ) [9]. 2 Anaccelerationofresearchonheterogeneousphoto-assistedcatalysisoccurredfrom1972,whenFujishimaandHonda publishedaworkonUVlight-inducedwatersplittingusingaTiO photoanode,althoughinprinciplethisworkfitsbetterin 2 thefieldofphoto-electrocatalysis [10]. Since then, considerable efforts have been madenotonly tounderstand the fun- damentalsofheterogeneousphotocatalysis,butalsotoapplythistechnologytosolvingseveralenvironmentalproblems, usingbothartificialenergyandsunlight.Theremovalofvirusesandbacteria,theeliminationofpollutingsubstances,the MaterialsScienceinPhotocatalysis.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821859-4.00004-0 Copyright©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 3
The list of books you might like
