Materials Handbook: An encyclopedia for managers, technical professionals, purchasing and production managers, technicians, supervisors, and foremen (12th edition)

526 Pages·1986·291.792 MB·English

by  H. R. Clauser, George S. Brady

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OTHER McGRA W-HILL REFERENCE BOOKS OF INTEREST
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GEORGE S.BRADV
(Deceased)
Dictionaries
McGraw-HiII: DlCTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHN~;::AL TERMS
HENRV R.CLAUSER
Materials Consultant
Encyclopedias
Former Editor, Materials Engineering
McGraw-HiII: CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDlA OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
McGraw-HiII: ENCYCLOPEDlA OF PHYSICS
McGraw-HiII: ENCYCLOPEDlA OF ENGINEERING
McGraw-HiII: ENCYCLOPEDlA OF ENERGY
TWELFTH EDITION
McGraw-HiIIBook Company
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MATERIALS HANDBOOK
INTERNATIONAL EDlTION
Copyright@ 1989
Exclusiverights byMcGraw-HiIJBook Co. - Singapore
for manufacture and exporto This book cannot be
re-exported from the country to which it isconsigned by
McGraw-HilI.
1stprinting 1989
Copyright renewed 1979, 1975, 1972, 1968, 1965, 1959, 1957 by
George S. Brady. All rights reserved.
Copyright 1951, 1947, 1944, 1940, 1937, 1931, 1929 by McGraw-
Hill Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this pub1ication mar be Contents
reproduced, stored in aretrieva1 system, or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, e1ectronic, mechanica1, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Not for re-sale in Australia, Callada, Europe, Japan, the United Kingdom, and
'
the United States. Export sales mar be made on1y by, or with the express consent,
of the publisher.
The editors for this book were Harold B. Crawford and Vivian
Koenig, thedesigner wasMark E. Safran, andthe production super-
visorwasTeresaF. Leaden. ItwassetinITCBaskervillebyUniversity
Graphics, Inc.
Preface/ vii
Acknowledgment/s ix
The Library of Congress cataloged the first printing
of this title as follows:
Brady, George Stuart, date
1. Materials- Their Properties and Uses I 1
Materials handbook; an encyc1opedia for purchasing
agents, engineers, executives, and foremen. Ist- ed. Encyclopedic Descriptions of MinerBls,
New York, McGraw-Hill, 1929-
Chemicsls, Engineering Bnd Industrial Materials.
v. iIIus., maps. 18-24 cm.
Bnd PIBnt Bnd Animal Substsnces
I. Materials-Dictionaries. 11.Title.
TA4O3.B75 29-1603 revision
Library of Congress (r51ul)
ISBN 0-07-007071-7 2. Nature and Properties of Materia.. I 907
Definitions BndRt1ferenceChBrtsBnd TBbla
When ordering this title use ISBN 0-07-1oo128-X The Nature oí Matter and Materials / 909
Filmed by Print Media Production Co. Waves and Colors as Material Elements / 916
Printed and bound in Singapore by Kim Hup Lee Printers Pte Ltd Property oí Flavor in Materials / 922
Fundamentals oí Biotic Materials / 924
Units oí Measure / 925
Physical and Mechanical Properties / 933
Index I 961
Preface
The twelfth edition of fue Materials Handhookis fue cumulative develop-
ment of an idea that originated with fue late Colonel George S. Brady
more than fiftyyears ago. Aware then of fue steadily increasing number of
materials being developed, Colonel Brady set out to prepare aone-volume
encyclopedia that would intelligently describe fue important characteris-
ticsof commercially available materials without involvement in details-an
encyclopedia that would meet fuejob needs of managers and executives,
purchasing and manufacturing managers, supervisors, engineers, students,
and others. Attesting to both fue validity of bis idea and fue success of its
execution is fue fact that over fue years fue Materials Handhookhas come
to be recognized as fue leading reference work of its kind in fue world.
The philosophy behind fue Materials Handhook, as well as its purpose
and scope, isbest expressed in this excerpt from fue foreword to fue tenth
edition:
AlImaterials, infinite inpossible numbers, derive from only 92natural elements.
It is as basically simple as that, but the varying Conosand usages are so inter-
twined in allthe industries that aperson can have no real comprehension of the
characteristics and economics of anyone of the materials whichhe procures for
bis own use unless he has an intelligent overall grasp of its varying Conosand
usages. The selection of data and ofexamples in theMaterialsHandbookhasbeen
made with aviewtoward givingthe reader an intelligent overall insight. It isnot
vii
viii PREFACE
the purpose of the book to provide an exhaustive treatise on any materials, as
it isassumed that the reader willconsult producers of the materials for detailed
specifications.
General information, with the most commonly accepted comparative figures,
is given on materials in their group classifications in order to give a general
picture; selected processed materials and patented and trade-named materials
are then described to give a more specific understanding of commercial appli-
cations. The relative position and the length of description of proprietary mate-
rials are for purposes of illustration and bear no relation to the relative merits
of the producís of any one producer.
Since the first edition of the MaterialsHandbookwaspublished, avirtual
revolution in materials has been taking place, resulting in new types and
Acknowledgments
grades of materials-plastics, metal alloys,rubbers, textiles, finishes, food-
stuffs, chemicals, and animal products-that are being developed at an
exponential rateo Each new edition of the MaterialsHandbookreflects this
phenomenal proliferation innumber and variety. Whereas the first edition
covered only a few thousand materials, this latest edition describes some
14,000 different materials. Despite this manyfold increase in coverage, it
is virtually impossible to include all commercially available materials in a
one-volume work of this kind. Nevertheless, descriptions of the most
important and most widely used of the thousands of materials introduced
every year are added to each edition of this handbook.
After publication of the tenth edition, Colonel Brady retired and trans- The sources of information for Materials Handbookare toa numerous to
ferred to me the task of preparing this and subsequent editions of the
permit menti~o of all who furnished data and counsel, but acknowledg-
Materials Handbook.In serving as co-author 1have endeavored to hold to ment ismade of the ready and willingcooperation of producers, manufac-
bis standards of accuracy and readabiJity. His help and counsel were turers, technical authorities, industrial-paper editors, and government
invaluable to me in maintaining the original purpose and character of the bureaus in this country and abroad. A deep sense of appreciation is felt
handbook.
for the encouragement and advice given to the work bythe many members
of the National Association of Purchasing Management and the American
Ordnance Association.
HENRYR. CLAUSER
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ABLATIVE AGENTS. Materials used for the outward dissipation of
extremely high heats by mass remOVIDoTheir most common use is as an
external heat shield to protect supersonic aerospace vehicles from an
excessive buildup of heat caused byair friction at fue surface. The ablative
material must have a low thermal conductivity in arder that the heat mar
remain concentrated in the thin surface layer. Asthe surface ofthe ablator
melts or sublimes, it is wiped away by the frictional forces that simulta-
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neously heat newly exposed surfaces. The heat iscarried offwith the mate-
rial removed. The lessmaterial that islost, the more efficient isthe ablative
material. The ablative material, in addition to low thermal conductivity,
should have ahigh thermal capacity in fue salid, liquid, and gaseous states;
a high heat of fusion and evaporation; and a high heat of dissociation of
itsvapors. The ablative agent, or ablator, isusually acarbonaceous organic
compound, such as a plastic. Asthe dissociation products are lost as liquid
or vapor, the char isheld in place by the refractory filler fibers, still giving
a measure of heat resistance. The effective life of an ablative isshort, cal-
culated in seconds per millimeter of thickness for the distance traveled in
the atmosphere.
Single ablative material s seldom have all of the desirable factors, and
thus composites are used. Phenolic or epoxy resins are reinforced with
asbestos fabric, carbonized cloth, or refractory fibers such as asbestos,
fused silica, and glasses. The refractory fibers are incorporated not only
for mechanical strength but have a function in the ablative process, and
surface-active agents mar be added to speed the rate of evaporation. Abla-
tive paint, for protecting woodwork, mar be organic silicones which con-
vert to silicaat temperatures above 2000°F (lO93°C). Pyromark,ofTempil
Corp., isa paint of this type.
Metals can resist temperatures higher than their melting point by con-
vection cooling, or thermal cooling, which is heat protection by heat
exchange with a coolant. Thus, tungsten can be arc-melted in a copper
kettle which iscooled by circulating water. The container metal must have
high thermal conductivity, and the heat must be quickly carried awayand
stored or dissipated. When convection cooling isdifficult or not possible,
cooling mar be accomplished by a heat sink. Heat-sink cooling depends
on the heat absorption capability of the structural material itself or backed
up by another material of higher heat absorption. Copper, beryllium,
graphite, and beryllium oxide have been used. Aheat-sink material should
have high thermal conductivity, high specific heat and melting point, and
for aerodynamic applications, alow specific gravity.
ABRASIVES. Materials used for surfacing and finishing metals, stone,
wood, glass, and other materials by abrasive action. The natural abrasives
include the diamond, emery, corundum, sand, crushed garnet and quartz,
3
4 ABRAS/VE SANO 5
MATER/ALS. THE/RPROPERT/ES ANO USES
tripoli, and pumice. Artificial abrasives, or manufactured abrasives, are earth. This type of fine abrasive must be of very uniform grain in arder to
generally superior inuniformity to natural abrasives, and are mostly silicon prevent scratching. Cuttle boDe, or cuttlefish boDe, isacalcareous powder
carbide, aluminum oxide, boron carbide, or boron nitride, marketed made from the internal shell of a Mediterranean marine mollusk of the
under trade llames. Artificial diamonds are also now being produced. The genus SePia,and isused asafine polishing material forjewelry and in tooth
massive natural abrasives, such as sandstone, are cut into grinding wheels powders. Ground glass is regularly marketed as an abrasive for use in
from the natural block, but most abrasive material isused asgrains or built scouring compounds and in match-head compositions. Lapping abrasives,
into artificial shapes. . for finish grinding of hard materials, are diamond dust or boron carbide
For industrial grinding, artificial abrasives are preferred to natural powder.
abrasives because of their greater uniformity. Grading is important Aluminum oxide wheels are used for grinding materials of high tensile
because uniform grinding requires grains of the same size. The abrasive strength. Silicon carbide isharder but isnot asstrong asaluminum oxide.
grains are used a&a grinding powder, are made into wheels, blocks, or It isused for grinding metals that have dense grain structure and for stone.
stones, or are bonded to paper or cloth. Abrasive cloth ismade of cotton Vitrified wheels are made bymolding under heat and pressure. They are
jean or drills to clase tolerances of yarns and weaves, and the grains are used for general and precision grinding where the wheel does not exceed
attached with glue or resin. But the Fabricut cloth of the 3M Co. is an aspeed of 6,500 surface ft/min (33mis). The rigidity giveshigh precision,
opeo"weave fabric with alumina or silicon-carbide grains of 100 to 400 and the porosity and strength of bond permit high stock removal. Silicate
mesh. The oren weave permits easy cleaning of the cloth in an air blast. wheels have a silicate binder and are baked. The silicate bond releases the
Abrasive paper has the grains, usually aluminum oxide or silicon carbide, grains more easily than the vitrified, and isused for grinding edge tools to
glued to one sirle of 40- to 130-lb kraft paper. The usual grain sizes are reduce burning of the tool. Synthetic resins are used for bonding where
No. 16 to No. 500..
greater strength is required than is obtained with the silicate, but less
Abrasive powder isusually graded in sizesfrom 8 to 240 mesh. Coarse openness than with the vitrified. Resinoid bonds are used up to 16,000
grain is to 24 mesh; fine grain is 150 to 240. Blasting abrasive for blast surface ft/min (81 mis), and are used especially for thread grinding and
cleaning of metal castings isusually coarse grain. Arrowblast, of the Nor- cutoff wheels. Shellac binder isused for light work and for high finishing.
ton Co., isaluminum oxide with grain sizes 16to 80 mesh. Grinding flour Rubber isused for precision grinding and for centerless-feed machines.
consists of extremely fine grains separated by flotation, usually in grain Grading of abrasive wheels isby grit size number from No. 10 to No.
I
sizes from 280 to 600 mesh, used for grinding glass and fine polishing. 600, which is600 mesh; by grade ofwheel, or strength ofthe bond, which
Levigated abrasives are fine powders for final burnishing of metalsor for isby letter designation, increasing in hardness from A to Z; and by grain
metallographic polishing, usually processed to make them chemically neu- spacing or structure number. The ideal condition is with a bond strong
tral. Green rouge islevigated chromic oxide, and mild polish mar be lev- enough to hold the grains to accomplish the desired result, and then
igated tin oxide; both are used for burnishing SOfímetals. Polishing pow- release them before they become toa dull. Essential qualities in the abra-
der .maybe aluminum oxide or metal oxide powders of ultrafine particle sivegrain are: penetration hardness, body strength sufficient to resist frac-
size clown to 600 mesh. Micria AD, of the Monsanto Co., is alumina; ture until the points dull and then break to pr~sent a new edge, and an
Micria ZR iszirconia; and Micria TIS is titania. Gamal, of the Fisher Sci- attrition resistance suitable to the work. Some wheels are made with a
entific Co., is afine aluminum oxide powder, the smaller cubes being 1.5 porous honeycombed structure to give free cutting and cooler operation
~m, with snialler particles 0.5 ~m. Cerox, of the Lindsay Div., is cerium on some types of metal grinding. Some diamond wheels are made with
oxide used to polish opticallenses and automobile windshields. It cuts fast aluminum powder mixed with a thermosetting resin, and the diamond
and gives a smooth surface. Grinding compounds for valve grinding are abrasive mix is hot-pressed around this core wheel. Norton diamond
usually aluminum oxide in oil. wheels are of three types: metal bonded by powder metallurgy, resinoid
bonded, and vitrified bonded.
Mild abrasives, used in silver polishes and window-deaning com-
pounds, such aschalk and talc, have ahardness of 1to 2Mohs. The milder
abrasives for dental pastes and powders mar be precipitated calcium car- ABRASIVESAND. Anysand used for abrasive and grinding purposes, but
bonate, tricalcium phosphate, or combinations of'sodium metaphosphate the term does not include the sharp griÜns obtained by crushing quartz
and tricalcium phosphate. Abrasives for metal polishes mar also be pum- and used for sandpaper. The chief types of abrasive sand include sandblast
ice, diatomite, silica flour, tripoli, whiting, kaolin, tin oxide, or fuller's sand, glass-grinding sand, and stone-cutting sand. Sand for stone sawing
6 MATERIALS, THEIRPROPERTIES ANO USES ACETAL RESINS 7
and for marble and glassgrinding isusually ungraded, with no preparation preissiiofWestern Australia, and isin smallhollow pieces ofyellow to red-
other than screening, but it must have tough, uniform grains. Chats are dish color. It is known as blaek boy resin, fue llame coming from fue
sand tailings from the Missouri lead ores, used for sawing stone. Banding appearance of the tree. Red aearoid, known also as red gum and grass
sand is used for the band grinding of tool handles, and for the grinqing tree gum, comes in small dusty pieces of reddish-brown color. This variety
is from the X. australis and about 15 other species of fue tree of south-
of plate glass, but is often replaced by artificial abrasives. Banding-sand
eastern Australia. The resins contain 80 to 85% resinotannol with eou-
grains are fine, 95% being retained on a 150-mesh screen. Burnishing
sand, for metal polishing, isafine-grained silicasand with rounded grains. marie acid, which is a hydroxycinnamic acid, and they also contain free'
It should pass a 65-mesh screen, and be retained on a 100-mesh screen. cinnamic acid. They are thus eloselyrelated chemically to fue balsams. Aca-
raid resin has the property unique among natural resins of capacity for
ABSPLASTICS. The letters ABSidentify the family of aerylonitrile-buta- thermosetting to a hard, insoluble, chemical-resistant film. By treatment
diene-styrene. C<;>mmontrade llames for these materials are Cyeolae, Kra- with nitric acid it yields picric acid; bytreatment with sulfuric acid it yields
lastic, and Lustran. They are opaque and distinguished bya good balance fast brown to black dyes. The resins are soluble in alcohols and in aniline,
of properties, ineluding high impact strength, rigidity, and hardness ayer only slightly soluble in chlorinated compounds, and insoluble in coal-tar
a tempera~ure range of - 40 to 230°F (- 40 to 110°C). Compared to other hydrocarbons. Acaroid has some of the physical characteristics of shellac,
structural or engineering plastics, they are generally considered to fall at but isdifficult to bleach. It isused for spirit varnishes and metallacquers,
the lower end of the scale. Medium impact grades are hard, rigid, and incoatings, in paper sizing, in inksand sealing waxes, inbinders, for blend-
tough, and are used for appearance parts that require high strength, good ing with shellac, in production of picric acid, and in medicine.
fatigue resistance, and surface hardness and gloss. High impact grades ar~
formulated for similar products where additional impact strength isgained ACETALRESINS. Highly crystalline resins that have the repeating group
at some sacrifice in rigidity and hardness. Low-temperature impact grades (OCH2)x' The resins are polyformaldehyde. The natural acetal resin is
have high impact strength clownto -400F (-400C). Again, some sacrifice translucent white and can be readily colored. There are two basic types: á
is made in strength, rigidity, and heat resistance. Heat-resistant, high- homopolymer (Delrin) and a copolymer (Ce1con). In general, the homo-
strength grades provide the best heat resistance-continuous use up to polymers are harder, more rigid, and have higher tensile flexural and
about 200°F (93°C), and a 264 Ibjin2 (2 MPa) heat distortion temperature fatigue strength, but lower elongation. The copolymers are more stable in
of around 215°F (l02°C). Impact strength isabout comparable to that of long-term high-temperature service and have better resistance to hot
medium impact grades, but strength, modulus of elasticity, and hardness water. Special types of acetals are glass filled, providing higher strengths
are higher. At stresses above their tensile strength, ABS plastics usually and stiffness, and tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) filled, providing exceptional
yield plastically instead of rupturing, and impact failures are ductile. frictional and wear properties.
Because of relatively low creer, they have good long-term load-carrying Acetals are among the strongest and stiffest of the thermoplastics. Their
abi~ity.This low creer plus low water absorption and relatively high heat tensile strength ranges from 8,000 to about 13,000 Ibjin2 (55 to 89 MPa),
resistance provide ABS plastics with good dimensional stability. ABS plas- the tensile modulus of elasticity isabout 500,000 Ibjin2, (3,445 MPa), and
tics are readily processed by extrusion, i~ection molding, blow molding, fatigue strength at room temperature isabout 5,000 Ibjin2 (34MPa).Their
calendering, and vacuum forming. Resins have been developed especially excellent creer resistance and low moisture absorption (less than 0.4%)
for cold forming or stamping from extruded sheet. Typical applications give them excellent dimensional stability. They are useful for continuous
are helmets, refrigerator liners, luggage tote trays, housings, grills for hot service up to about 220°F (104°C). Acetals' low friction and high abrasion
air systems and pump impellers. Extruded shapes inelude tubing and pipe. resistance, though not as good as nylon's, rates them high among ther-
ABS plated parts are now in wide use, replacing metal parts in the auto- moplastics. Their impact resistance is good and remains almost constant
motive and appliance field. ayer a wide temperature range. Acetals are attacked by some acids and
bases, but haveexcellent resistance to all common solvents. They are pro-
ACAROIDRESIN. Agum resin from the base of lhe tufted trunk leaves of cessed mainly by molding or extruding. Some parts are also made byblow
various species of Xanthorrhoeatrees of Australia and Tasmania. It isalso and rotational molding. Typical parts and products made of acetal inelude
called gum aecroides and yaeca gum. Yellow acaroid from the X.tateana pump impellers, conveyor links, drive sprockets, automobile instrument
is relatively scarce, but a gum of the yellow class comes from the tree X. elusters, spinning reel housings, gear valve components, bearings, and