Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells

275 Pages·2015·7.301 MB·English

by  Bradley Ladewig, San Ping Jiang, Yushan Yan, Max Lu

Edited by Bradley Ladewig, San Ping Jiang,
and Yushan Yan
Materials for
Low-Temperature
Fuel Cells
Series Editor:
G.Q. Max Lu
Materials for Sustainable Energy and Development

Editedby
BradleyLadewig
SanP.Jiang
YushanYan
MaterialsforLow-
TemperatureFuelCells
Related Titles
Fricke,J.,Borst,W.L. Stolten,D.,Scherer,V.(eds.)
Essentials of Energy Transition to Renewable
Technology Energy Systems
Sources,Transport,Storage,
2013
Conservation
PrintISBN:978-3-527-33239-7;alsoavailable
2013 indigitalformats
PrintISBN:978-3-527-33416-2;alsoavailable
Stolten,D./Emonts,B.(eds.)
indigitalformats
Fuel Cell Science and
Jiang,S.P./Yan,Y.(eds.)
Engineering
Materials for High-
Materials,Processes,Systemsand
Temperature Fuel Cells Technology
Series:MaterialsforSustainable
2012
EnergyandDevelopment
PrintISBN:978-3-527-33012-6;alsoavailable
Serieseditor:Lu,G.Q.M.(ed.)
indigitalformats
2013
Stolten,D.(ed.)
PrintISBN:978-3-527-33041-6;alsoavailable
indigitalformats Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
García-Martínez,J.(ed.) Fundamentals,Technologiesand
Applications
Nanotechnology for the
2010
Energy Challenge
PrintISBN:978-3-527-32711-9
SecondEdition
2013
PrintISBN:978-3-527-33380-6;alsoavailable
indigitalformats
Edited by Bradley Ladewig, San P. Jiang,
and Yushan Yan
Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells
Editors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully
produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and
Dr.BradleyLadewig publisherdonotwarranttheinformation
MonashUniversity containedinthesebooks,includingthisbook,to
DepartmentofChemicalEngin.
befreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeep
Building36,ClaytonCampus
inmindthatstatements,data,illustrations,
Victoria3800
proceduraldetailsorotheritemsmay
Australia
inadvertentlybeinaccurate.
Prof.SanP.Jiang LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor
CurtinUniversity
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering& BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
FuelsandEnergyTechnologyInstitute Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefrom
1,TurnerAvenue
theBritishLibrary.
6845Perth,WA
Australia Bibliographicinformationpublishedbythe
DeutscheNationalbibliothek
Prof.YushanYan TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhis
UniversityofDelaware publicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
DepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecular detailedbibliographicdataareavailableonthe
Engineering Internetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de.
150AcademyStreet
DE19716 2015Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,
UnitedStates Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim,Germany
SeriesEditor Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslation
intootherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmay
G.Q.MaxLu bereproducedinanyform–byphotoprinting,
Univ.ofQueensland microfilm,oranyothermeans–nortransmitted
ARCCentreFunct.Nanomat. ortranslatedintoamachinelanguagewithout
AIBNBldg.Level5West
writtenpermissionfromthepublishers.
4072BrisbaneQueensland
Registerednames,trademarks,etc.usedinthis
Australia book,evenwhennotspecificallymarkedassuch,
arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw.
PrintISBN:978-3-527-33042-3
ePDFISBN:978-3-527-64432-2
ePubISBN:978-3-527-64431-5
MobiISBN:978-3-527-64433-9
oBookISBN:978-3-527-64430-8
CoverDesign Formgeber,Mannheim,Germany
Typesetting ThomsonDigital,Noida,India
PrintingandBinding MarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd,
Singapore
Printedonacid-freepaper
V
Editorial Board
Members of the Advisory Board of the “Materials for Sustainable Energy and
Development”Series
ProfessorHuimingCheng
ProfessorCalumDrummond
ProfessorMorinobuEndo
ProfessorMichaelGrätzel
ProfessorKevinKendall
ProfessorKatsumiKaneko
ProfessorCanLi
ProfessorArthurNozik
ProfessorDetlevStöver
ProfessorFerdiSchüth
ProfessorRalphYang

VII
Contents
SeriesEditor’sPreface XIII
AbouttheSeriesEditor XV
AbouttheVolumeEditors XVII
ListofContributors XIX
1 KeyMaterialsforLow-TemperatureFuelCells:AnIntroduction 1
BradleyP.Ladewig,BenjaminM.Asquith,andJochenMeier-Haack
Reference 2
2 AlkalineAnionExchangeMembraneFuelCells 3
RhodriJervisandDanielJ.L.Brett
2.1 FuelCells 3
2.2 PEMFuelCellPrinciples 4
2.2.1 EquilibriumKinetics 4
2.2.2 Butler–VolmerKinetics 7
2.2.3 ExchangeCurrentDensity 8
2.2.4 TheFuelCellPolarizationCurve 10
2.3 AlkalineFuelCells 11
2.3.1 TheORRMechanism 12
2.3.2 TheHORinAlkaline 13
2.3.3 TheAqueousElectrolyteAFC 15
2.3.4 TheAAEMFuelCell 16
2.3.4.1 AAEMPrinciples 16
2.3.4.2 AlkalineMembranes 17
2.3.4.3 AAEMFuelCellExamples 19
2.4 Summary 25
References 26
3 CatalystSupportMaterialsforProtonExchangeMembrane
FuelCells 33
XinWangandShuangyinWang
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 CurrentStatusofSupportMaterialsandRoleof
CarbonasSupportinFuelCells 34
VIII Contents
3.3 NovelCarbonMaterialsasElectrocatalystSupportforFuelCells 35
3.3.1 MesoporousCarbonasSupportMaterialsforFuelCells 35
3.3.2 GraphiteNanofibersasSupportMaterialsforFuelCells 39
3.3.3 CarbonNanotubesasSupportMaterialsforFuelCells 42
3.3.4 GrapheneasSupportMaterialsforFuelCells 49
3.3.5 Nitrogen-DopedCarbonMaterials 52
3.4 ConductiveMetalOxideasSupportMaterials 54
3.5 MetalCarbidesandMetalNitridesasCatalystSupports 56
3.6 ConductingPolymerasSupportMaterialsforFuelCells 57
3.7 ConductingPolymer-GraftedCarbonMaterials 58
3.8 3MNanostructuredThinFilmasSupportMaterialsforFuelCells 59
3.9 SummaryandOutlook 60
References 61
4 AnodeCatalystsforLow-TemperatureDirectAlcoholFuelCells 69
WenzhenLi
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 AnodeCatalystsforDirectMethanolFuelCells:ImprovedPerformance
ofBinaryandTernaryCatalysts 71
4.2.1 PrinciplesofDirectMethanolFuelCells 71
4.2.2 ReactionMechanismsandCatalystsforMethanolElectrooxidation 71
4.3 AnodeCatalystsforDirectEthanolFuelCells:BreakC-CBondto
AchieveComplete12-Electron-TransferOxidation 73
4.3.1 PrinciplesofPEM-DirectEthanolFuelCells 74
4.3.2 ReactionMechanismsandCatalystsforEthanolElectrooxidation 74
4.3.3 AnionExchangeMembrane-BasedDirectEthanolFuelCells(AEM-
DEFCs) 77
4.3.4 AnodeCatalystsforAEM-DEFCs 78
4.4 AnodeCatalystsforDirectPolyolFuelCells(EthyleneGlycol,Glycerol):
CogenerateElectricityandValuableChemicalsBasedonAnion
ExchangeMembranePlatform 79
4.4.1 OverviewofElectrooxidationofPolyols 79
4.4.2 ReactionMechanismsandCatalystsforEthyleneGlycol
Electrooxidation 81
4.4.3 ReactionMechanismsandCatalystsforGlycerolElectrooxidation 82
4.5 SyntheticMethodsofMetalElectrocatalysts 84
4.5.1 ImpregnationMethod 86
4.5.2 ColloidalMethod 87
4.5.2.1 PolyolMethod 87
4.5.2.2 Organic-PhaseMethod 89
4.5.3 MicroemulsionMethod 90
4.5.4 OtherMethods 90
4.6 CarbonNanomaterialsasAnodeCatalystSupport 91
4.6.1 CarbonNanotubes 91
4.6.2 CarbonNanofibers 94