Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering: Science, Processing, and Design

938 Pages·2015·28.071 MB·English

by  M. Clara Gonçalves, Fernanda Margarido (eds.)

M. Clara Gonçalves · Fernanda Margarido
Editors
Materials for
Construction
and Civil
Engineering
Science, Processing, and Design
Materials for Construction and Civil
Engineering
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
M. Clara Gonc¸alves (cid:129) Fernanda Margarido
Editors
Materials for Construction
and Civil Engineering
Science, Processing, and Design
Editors
M.ClaraGonc¸alves FernandaMargarido
ChemicalEngineeringDept. MechanicalEngineeringDept.
InstitutoSuperiorTe´cnico, InstitutoSuperiorTe´cnico,
UniversidadedeLisboa UniversidadedeLisboa
Lisboa Lisboa
Portugal Portugal
Based on translation from the Portuguese language editions: Cieˆncia e Engenharia de
MateriaisdeConstruc¸a˜oeditadoporM.ClaraGonc¸alveseFernandaMargaridoCopyright@
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2013’jLuso-AmericanFoundation.
ISBN978-3-319-08235-6 ISBN978-3-319-08236-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-08236-3
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Preface
Thecurrenteconomicpanoramahasbeenparticularlyadverseforthearchitecture
and civil engineering sectors. We firmly believe that the innovation and develop-
mentofnewmaterialswithenhancedand/orinnovativepropertieswillbringabout
theopportunityofrestoringthesesectors.
However,theremarkablemultiplicityanddiversityofmaterialscurrentlyavail-
ableincivilengineeringputdesigners,architects,andcivilengineersinaproblem
ofgrowingcomplexity—theselectionofmaterials.
The selection of materials in civil engineering can be based, naturally, on
featuressuchassuitability,cost,lifecycle,andthematerialsrecyclability.Never-
theless, the future of civil engineering lies in the higher value-added materials.
Hence,theselectionofmaterialsforacertainprojectisaniterativetask,wherethe
optimization of solutions can only be obtained through the dialogue between the
project’sspecialists,architectures,andcivilandmaterialsengineers.
Naturally,for such discussion tobepossible, itis imperative that allthe actors
dominate the same technical language and share a set of scientific knowledge,
whichwillallowforcommunicationandoptimizedsolutions.
Thepresentworkisintendedtocontributetothatplatformofspecialiststhatis
committedtothecivilengineer/architectureproject.Weintendtoofferitsreaders
information regarding the main groups of materials used in civil construction,
highlightingthenomenclature,properties,fabricationprocesses,selectioncriteria,
products/applications,lifecycleandrecyclability,andevennormalization.
This book is the result of extensive work in a broad spectrum of subjects and
competencesintheareasofmaterialsandcivilengineering,aswellasarchitecture.
Initsfoundationthere is amultidisciplinaryteam ofseveral specialistsofdistinct
Portugueseinstitutions,suchasLNEC,CTCV,ISEL,LNEG,andIST.Despitethe
scientificeditionofthework,itcertainlyreflectssomelevelofheterogeneityinthe
approachchosenbyeachauthor.
Chapters 1–5 include the structural and more traditional materials in civil
engineering—hydraulic binders, bituminous materials, concrete, plastering, and
renders; Chaps. 6–9 comprise structural materials and/or finishing materials like
steel,ceramic,glass,ornamentalstones,polymers,andpolymermatrixcomposites;
Chaps.12and13depictthenaturalmaterialssuchaswoodandcork;inChap.14
we introduce nanomaterials; Chaps. 15 explain the corrosion phenomena and its
control;Chap.16introducesstructuraladhesives,whilethemainpropertiesandthe
v
vi Preface
usesofpaintsandorganiccoatingsarepresentedinChap.17.Chapter18presents
thelifecycleofthedifferentproducts,aswellastheintegratedwastemanagement
of; and Chap. 19 concludes the book with the regulation and certification of
construction products. To the authors, we publicly express our sincere thanks for
their contribution, without which this book would not be possible. Thanks to the
firstpublisher,“ISTPress”theISTacademicpublisher,sincedayone.Veryspecial
thanks to Springer, for its recognition and commitment on the publication of
thebook.
Lisbon,Portugal M.ClaraGonc¸alves
FernandaMargarido
Glossary
A
Abrasion resistance (Plaster; render) Wear resistance of the surface of a hard-
enedmortarbymechanicalaction
Abrasive (Ornamental stone) Generic designation of hard and wear-resistant
substancesusedtowearandpolish
Acidrock(Ornamentalstone) Igneousrockwithmorethan66wt%silica
Addition (Plaster; render; concrete) Finely divided inorganic material, which
can be added to the matrix (mortar, concrete, and others) with the purpose to
obtainorimprovespecificproperties
Additive (Polymeric matrix composites; organic coatings; structural
adhesives; polymer) Substance added in small quantities to a formulation
(adhesive,polymerresin,paints,varnishes,etc.)withthepurposeofimproving
or modifying the processability (plasticizers, lubricants, stabilizers, release
agents, etc.), the external appearance (colors, pigments, etc.), the performance
(antioxidants, protection to ultraviolet radiation, the antistatic flame retardants,
foams,etc.),ortherecyclingprocesses(stabilizers,additivesrepairers,etc.)
Adherence(Plaster;render) Maximumbreakingforceper unitareaofamortar
applied on a support, which can be determined by applying a tensile force or
shearing
Adherence (Organic coatings) Property of a film used to evaluate the set of
binding forces that develop between that film and the substrate where it is
applied
Adhesion(Organiccoatings) Propertyofafilm,resultingfromthebindingforces
developedbetweenthefilmandthesubstrateonwhichitisapplied
Adhesion (Structural adhesives) Phenomenon by which two surfaces are held
together by chemical, physical, or physicochemical forces resulting from the
presenceofanadhesive[NP3672:1990]
Adhesive(Structuraladhesives) Productabletomaintaininastateofadhesionof
twosurfacesofoneormoreidenticalordifferentmaterials[NP3672:1990]
vii
viii Glossary
Adhesive failure (Plaster; render) Rupture that occurs at the interface between
themortarandthesupport,orgenerallyattheinterfacebetweentheadhesiveand
eithergluedsurfaces
Adhesiveness(Structuraladhesives) Capacityofamaterialtoproduceadhesion
Adhesives (Structural adhesives; polymer) Formulations usually involving
polymer,usedtobindtwoormoresurfacestogether,providingacertainstrength
tothisunion.Dividedintoadhesivesofthermal,contact,andstructuralapplica-
tion. Nonmetallic substance capable of joining materials by surface bonding
(adhesion), and the bond possessing adequate internal strength (cohesion)
[EN923:2005+A1:2008]
Admixture (Render; plaster; concrete; polymer) Denomination given to
additionsusedinsmallamounts(<4wt%;<5%percementweightinconcrete)
toimprovespecificpropertiesofthefinalproduct(seeadditives)
Agglomerate (Cork) Material obtained by agglomeration of granules (expanded
ornotexpanded)orpossiblyregranulates
Aggregate (Concrete and binders; Bituminous materials) Natural, artificial,
reclaimed,orrecycledgranularmineralmaterialsusedinconstruction
Air-entrainingagent(Plasters;Stucco) Admixturethatallowstheincorporation
of a controlled amount of air bubbles distributed uniformly throughout the
mortar,whichremainafterhardening
Alkyd resin (Polymer) Alkyd resins (“al” as alcohol and “id” as acid) are made
fromesters ofunsaturatedcarboxylicacidsandpolyhydricalcohols;polymeri-
zationbyradicalattacktodoublelinksproducesacoating(seeresin)
Alternatingcopolymer(Polymer) Copolymerwhereintheconstituentmonomers
arealternatelydistributedinthechain(seecopolymer)
(cid:2) (cid:2)
Anion(Corrosion) Negativelychargedion(e.g.,Cl orOH )
Annual ring (or Annual growth ring) (Wood) Cross section of a tree growth
layer,orpartthereof,correspondingtothewoodproducedinayear
Anode (Corrosion) Electrode where an oxidation reaction occurs. This reaction
mayinvolvemoleculesoranionsfromtheenvironmentortheatomsofametal
(givingrisetopositiveionsorinsolublecompounds)
Anodic current (Corrosion) Current caused by the occurrence of oxidation
reaction
Anodic inhibitor (Corrosion) Inhibitor that interferes with the anodic reaction.
Normally, these are anions that migrate to anode surfaces, forming protective
filmlayers
Anodic protection (Corrosion) Protection against corrosion is obtained by
increasingthe electrode potential soastoachieve the material’spassivation. It
isonlyfeasibleifthematerialshowsapassivationdomainattheworkingpH
Anodizing (Corrosion) Corrosion protection method used in several metals in
whichtheoxidationofthemetalispromotedinordertoobtainathicklayerof
protectiveoxide
Glossary ix
Antireflectiveglass(Glass) Glasswithasurfacecoatingthatallowstominimize
thelightreflectioncomponentandmaximizethetransmittedcomponent,sothat
transparency and visibility in transmission are optimized (class of coated
glasses)
Arcade(Ornamentalstone) Seriesofcontiguousarches;dome
Atmospheric corrosion (Corrosion) Corrosion by exposure to the atmosphere,
usuallytooutdoors(seecorrosion)
B
Bands(Ornamentalstone) Stripsorrisersforcoping
Banister(Ornamentalstone) Smallcolumnusuallyusedinsupportrailingsand
windowsills
Bark(Wood) Generictermforallexteriortissuesthatinvolvethexylem
Basalt(Ornamentalstone) Extrusiveigneousrockofvolcanicoriginandusually
veryhard,whosecolorrangesfromdarkgraytoblack
Basic rock (Ornamental stone) Igneous rock containing silica between 45 and
52wt%
Bellyorwomb(Cork) Suberousinsidepartofthecorktissuecorrespondingtothe
lastannualgrowththatreproducesalltheirregularitiesofthesurfaceoftheinner
bark.Itislocatedinsiderelativelytothetree
Beveled (Ornamental stone) Wedge-shaped edge of a slab, tile, or plaque
obtainedbyabevelingoperation
Bimetalliccorrosion(Corrosion) Seegalvaniccorrosion
Binder (Structural adhesives) Component of an adhesive that is primarily
responsiblefortheadhesion[NP3672:1990]
Binder (Hydraulic binders) Substancesthat harden independently andthatbind
other solid materials together conferring cohesion and resistance to the whole
system
Binders(Polymermatrixcomposites) Materials (usuallyresinous) thathelpthe
fibersremainagglomerated,providingthemwithprotectiontodegradationdue
toenvironmentalagentsandalsopromotingtheadhesionbetweenthefibersand
thematrix
Biochemical rock (Ornamental stone) Sedimentary rock formed by sedimenta-
tionoforganicdeposits
Biologicalcorrosion(Corrosion) Deteriorationofametalbycorrosionprocesses
which result, directly or indirectly, from the activity of living organisms.
Biological corrosion is not in itself a type of corrosion, but is characterized by
theinterventionoflivingorganisms(seecorrosion)
Biopolymer(Polymer) Polymer ofbiologicalorigin (produced byliving beings)
(seepolymer)