Materials for Architects and Builders PDF
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MATERIALS FOR ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS Thispageintentionallyleftblank MATERIALS FOR ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS Fourth edition ARTHUR LYONS MA(Cantab) MSc(Warwick) PhD(Leicester) DipArchCons(Leicester) Hon LRSA FHEA Former Head of Quality, Principal Lecturer and Teacher Fellow, School of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Design, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London NewYork Oxford (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Paris Sandiego Sanfrancisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB 30CorporateDrive,Suite400,Burlington,MA01803,USA Firstedition1997 Secondedition2003 Thirdedition2007 Reprinted2007,2008 Copyright©2010,ArthurLyons.PublishedbyElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved TherightofArthurLyonstobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeen assertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988 PermissiontoreproduceextractsfromBNEN771Part1:2003(Figs2and3) andBS6915:2001(Fig.19)isgrantedbyBSI.BritishStandardscanbeobtained inPDForhardcopyformatsfromtheBSIonlineshop:www.bsigroup.com/Shop orbycontactingBSICustomerServicesforhardcopiesonly: Tel:+44(0)2089969001,Email:[email protected] Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuse oroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerial herein.Becauseofadvancesinbuildingconstruction,advicemustbeobtained fromthematerialssuppliersandappropriatestatutorybodies. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-1-85617-519-7 ForinformationonallButterworth-Heinemannpublications visitourwebsiteatwww.elsevierdirect.com PrintedandboundinHongKong,China 10 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Abouttheauthor vii Recyclingtimber 154 Prefacetofourthedition viii References 155 Acknowledgements ix Informationsources x 5 Ferrousandnon-ferrousmetals 164 Abbreviations xi Introduction 164 Ferrousmetals 164 1 Bricksandbrickwork 1 Ferrousalloys 180 Introduction 1 Coatedsteels 182 Claybricks 1 Aluminium 185 Unfiredclaybricks 17 Copper 190 Reclaimedclaybricks 17 Lead 197 Brickwork 18 Zinc 200 Calciumsilicatebricks 29 Titanium 205 Concretebricks 33 Processofmetalliccorrosion 206 References 35 References 208 2 Blocksandblockwork 37 6 Bitumenandflatroofingmaterials 216 Introduction 37 Introduction 216 Concreteblocks 37 Cold-deck,warm-deckandinvertedroofs 216 Clayblocks 43 Reinforcedbitumenmembranes 217 Gypsumblocks 44 Masticasphalt 221 Blockwork 46 Single-plyroofingsystems 223 Beamandblockflooring 50 Liquidcoatings 225 Landscapeblockwork 52 Greenroofs 226 References 52 References 227 3 Lime,cementandconcrete 55 7 Glass 231 Introduction 55 Introduction 231 Lime 55 Manufacture 232 Cement 58 Non-sheetproducts 234 Concrete 70 Sheetproducts 236 Reinforcedconcrete 84 Intelligentglassfacades 255 Visualconcrete 89 Glasssupportingsystems 255 Concretecomponents 97 Glazingchecklist 261 References 98 References 261 4 Timberandtimberproducts 105 8 Ceramicmaterials 266 Introduction 105 Introduction 266 Timber 106 Ceramicproducts 268 Timberproducts 136 References 275 vi CONTENTS 9 Stoneandcaststone 278 Sealants 359 Introduction 278 Gaskets 364 Typesofstone 278 Adhesives 366 Stonework 289 References 369 Deteriorationofstone 294 Maintenanceofstonework 295 15 Paints,woodstains,varnishes Caststone 296 andcolour 373 References 297 Introduction 373 Colour 373 10 Plastics 301 Paints 379 Introduction 301 Specialpaints 380 Polymerisation 301 Naturalwoodfinishes 382 Polymertypes 303 References 383 Additives 304 16 Energy-savingmaterialsand Degradationofplastics 304 components 385 Propertiesofplastics 304 Plasticsformingprocesses 306 Introduction 385 Plasticsinconstruction 307 Photovoltaics 385 Recyclingofplastics 316 Solarcollectors 388 References 317 Solarairheatingsystems 389 Lightpipes 389 Heatpumpsystems 390 11 Glass-fibrereinforcedplastics, Groundwatercoolingsystems 391 cementandgypsum 323 Windcatchers 391 Introduction 323 Windturbinesystems 391 Glassfibres 323 Watermanagementsystems 392 Glass-fibrereinforcedplastics 323 Phasechangesystems 393 Glass-fibrereinforcedcement 327 References 393 Glass-fibrereinforcedgypsum 329 References 331 17 Recycledandecologicalmaterials 396 Introduction 396 12 Plasterandboardmaterials 333 Strawbales 396 Introduction 333 Cardboard 397 Gypsumplaster 333 Rammed-earthandcobconstruction 397 Limeplaster 339 Earth-shelteredbuildings 399 Calciumsilicateboards 339 Clayproducts 400 References 339 Recycledtyres 400 Papercrete 401 13 Insulationmaterials 342 Sandbags 402 Introduction 342 References 402 Thermalandsoundinsulationmaterials 342 Inorganicinsulationmaterials 343 18 Sustainability 404 Organicinsulationmaterials 347 Introduction 404 Aluminiumfoil 352 Zerocarbontargets 404 Chlorofluorocarbonsinfoamedplastics 353 Specificationofmaterials 408 References 353 Recyclinganddeconstruction 409 References 409 14 Sealants,gasketsandadhesives 359 Introduction 359 Index 413 ABOUT THE AUTHOR DrArthurLyons,authoroftextsonbuildingmateri- honoured with life membership of the Leicestershire als,wasformerlyheadofquality,principallecturerand and Rutland Society of Architects and he is a Fel- teacher fellow for building materials at the Leicester lowoftheHigherEducationAcademy.Heretainshis SchoolofArchitecture,FacultyofArtandDesign,De activeinterestinarchitecturethroughliaisonwiththe Montfort University, Leicester, UK. He was educated local society of architects and the Leicester School atTrinityHallCambridge,WarwickandLeicesterUni- of Architecture of De Montfort University. In addi- versitiesinthefieldsofnaturalsciencesandpolymer tion to this text, Arthur Lyons has written chapters science, and has a postgraduate diploma in archi- in Metric Handbook—Planning and Design Data, 3rd tectural building conservation. He was a lecturer in edition, 2008, Architectural Press; ICE Manual of building materials within schools of architecture and ConstructionMaterials,2009,InstitutionofCivilEngi- surveying for 35 years. In recognition of his ser- neersandConstructionMaterialsReferenceBook,2010, vicestoarchitectsandarchitecture,ArthurLyonswas Butterworth-Heinemann. PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION Materials for Architects and Builders is written as an materials no longer in use are generally disregarded, introductory text to inform students at undergradu- except where increased concern for environmental ate degree and national diploma level of the relevant issueshascreatedrenewedinterest.Theuseofchem- visual and physical properties of the widest range of ical terminology is kept to the minimum required to building materials. The fourth edition has been sig- understandeachsubjectarea,andisonlysignificantly nificantly enhanced by the addition of more colour used within the context of the structure of plastics. images, illustrating the materials and, in many cases, Tabulated data is restricted to an informative level theiruseinbuildingsofarchitecturalmerit.Thetext appropriatetostudentuse.Anextensivebibliography embracesthebroadenvironmentalissueswithsections and listed sources of technical information are pro- onenergysavingandrecycledmaterials.Anadditional vided at the end of each chapter to facilitate direct chapteronsustainabilityreflectsthecurrentdebateon referencewherenecessary. climatechangeandgovernmentalactiontoreducecar- Thetextiswellillustratedwithover270linedraw- bonemissionsandameliorateglobalwarming.There ingsandcolourphotographs,showingtheproduction, areeighteenchapterscoveringthewiderangeofmate- appearance and appropriate use of materials, but it rialsunderstandardheadings.Eachchapterdescribes is not intended to describe construction details as themanufacture,salientpropertiesandtypicalusesof these are illustrated in the standard texts on build- the various materials, with the aim of ensuring their ing construction. Environmental concerns including appropriateapplicationwithinawarenessoftheireco- energy-conscious design and the effects of fire are logicalimpact. automaticallyconsideredaspartofthebroaderunder- European Standards are taking over from the pre- standingofthevariousmaterials. vious British Standards, and for most key materials, Thetextisessentialreadingforhonoursandfoun- theEuropeanNormshavenowbeenpublished.Gen- dation degree, BTEC and advanced GNVQ students erally, this has led to an increase in the number of ofarchitecture,building,surveyingandconstruction, relevantstandardsforbuildingmaterials.However,in and those studying within the broad range of built somecases,boththeBritishandEuropeanStandards environment subjects, who wish to understand the arecurrentandarethereforeincludedinthetextand principlesrelatingtotheappropriateuseofconstruc- references. tionmaterials. New and rediscovered old materials, where they are becoming well integrated into standard build- ingprocesses,aredescribed,togetherwithinnovative ArthurLyons products yet to receive general acceptance. Other January2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge the support of the Leicester School of Resources (Fig.4.39); Copper Development Associa- Architecture, Faculty of Art and Design, De Mont- tion(Figs.5.23–5.25);Corus(Figs.5.2,5.4–5.6,5.11, fort University, Leicester, and Professor Brian Ford, 5.13 and 5.16); EH Smith (Fig.8.8); Glass Block School of the Built Environment, University of Not- Technology (Fig.7.5); Hanson Brick Ltd. (Fig.1.5); tingham. I wish to thank my wife, Susan, for her Ibstock Brick Ltd. (Figs. 1.3, 1.9, 1.10, 1.12, 1.15, participation and support during the production of 1.21 and 2.9); Imperial Chemical Industries Plc. this work, and also my daughters Claire and Eliza- (Fig.15.4); James & Son Ltd. (Fig.11.8); KME UK bethfortheirconstantencouragement.Iamindebted Ltd. (Fig.5.25); Lead Contractors Association (Figs. tothenumerousmanufacturersofbuildingmaterials 5.27 and 5.29); Lead Sheet Association (Fig.5.26); fortheirtradeliteratureandforpermissionstorepro- Lignacite Ltd. (Fig.2.7); Make Architects (Fig.4.1); ducetheirpublisheddataanddiagrams.Iamgrateful Marshalls Plc. (Fig.2.14); Metal Cladding and Roof- to building owners, architectural practices and their ing Manufacturers Association (Fig.5.15); Metra photographers for the inclusion of the photographs; Non-ferrous Metals Ltd. and Rheinzinc (Fig.5.31); and to Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, the Building Monodraught (Figs. 16.6 and 16.7); NCS – Natu- Research Establishment, the British Standards Insti- ralColorSystem®—propertyofScandinavianColour tute and trade associations for the inclusion of their Institute AB, Stockholm 2009. References to NCS® material. in this publication are used with permission of the I should like to thank the following organisations ScandinavianColourInstituteAB(Fig.15.3);Natural forgivingpermissiontouseillustrations: Stone Products Ltd. (Fig.9.13); Pilkington Plc. (Figs. AircreteProductsAssociation(Fig.2.3);AngleRing 7.6,7.9,7.11,7.24and7.25)—imagesarereproduced Company Ltd. (Fig.5.10); Architectural Ceramics by permission of Pilkington Plc; Pyrobel (Fig.7.15); (Figs. 8.6, 8.9 and 8.10); British Cement Associa- Ruberoid Building Products (Fig.6.3); Securiglass tion (Figs. 3.5, 3.9 and 3.23); British Fenestration CompanyLtd.(Fig.7.13);SmithofDerby(Fig.11.2); Rating Council (Fig.7.17); British Standards Insti- SolarCentury—www.solarcentury.com(Figs.16.2and tute (Figs. 2.8 and 5.28). Permission to reproduce 16.3); Stancliffe Stone (Figs. 9.3, 9.4 and 9.8); Steel extracts from BS EN 771 Part 1: 2003 and BS 6915: ConstructionInstitute(Figs.5.7and5.12);StoneFed- 2001 is granted by BSI. British Standards can be erationofGreatBritain(Fig.9.6);TRADATechnology obtained in PDF or hardcopy formats from the BSI Ltd. (Figs. 4.15 and 4.20); Trent Concrete Ltd. (Figs. online shop: www.bsigroup.com/shop or by contact- 1.23,3.20,3.21,9.21,11.5and11.6)andZincDevel- ing BSI Customer Services for hardcopies only: Tel: opmentAssociation(Fig.5.31). +44(0)2089969001;Email:[email protected]; Thetextusesthegenericnamesforbuildingmateri- Building Research Establishment (Figs. 2.3, 4.15 and alsandcomponentswhereverpossible.However,ina 9.18)—photographsfromGBG58,Digest476andIP fewcases,productsaresospecificthatregisteredtrade 10/01,reproducedbypermissionofBRE;Baggeridge names are necessarily used. In these cases the trade Brick Plc. (Figs. 1.22, 1.24 and 1.25); Construction namesareitalicisedinthetext.
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