Materials Characterization for Systems Performance and Reliability PDF
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Materials Characterization for Systems Performance and Reliability SAGAMORE ARMY MATERIALS RESEARCH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Recent volumes in the series: 20th: Characterization of Materials in Research: Ceramics and Polymers Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 21st: Advances in Deformation Processing Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 22nd: Application of Fracture Mechanics to Design Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 23rd: Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 24th: Risk and Failure Analysis for Improved Performance and Reliability Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 25th: Advances in Metal Processing Edited by John J. Burke, Robert Mehrabian, and Volker Weiss 26th: Surface Treatments for Improved Performance and Properties Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 27th: Fatigue: Environment and Temperature Effects Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 28th: Residual Stress and Stress Relaxation Edited by Eric Kula and Volker Weiss 29th: Material Behavior Under High Stress and Ultrahigh Loading Rates Edited by John Mescall and Volker Weiss 30th: Innovations in Materials Processing Edited by Gordon Bruggeman and Volker Weiss 31st: Materials Characterization for Systems Performance and Reliability Edited by James W. McCauley and Volker Weiss Materials Characterization for Systems Performance and Reliability Edited by James W. McCauley Army Materials and lHechanics Research Center Watertown, Massachusetts and Volker Weiss Syracuse University Syracuse, New York PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference (31st: 1984: Lake Luzerne, N.Y.) Materials characterization for systems performance and reliability. (Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference proceedings; 31st) Bibliography: p. Includes index. I. Materials - Congresses. 2. Reliability (Engineering) - Congresses. I. McCauley, James W. II. Weiss, Volker, 1930- . Ill. Title. IV. Series: Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference. Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference proceedings; 31st. TA401.3.S23 1984 620.1/1 85-19118 ISBN-13:978·1-4612-9253·1 e-ISBN-13:978·1-4613-2119·4 DOl: 10.10071978·1-4613·2119·4 Proceedings of the 31st Sagamore Conference, entitled Materials Characterization for Systems Performance and Reliability, held August 13-17, 1984, at Lake Luzerne, New York © 1986 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher 31st SAGAMORE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE Chairman JAMES W. McCAULEY Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Vice-Chairman WENZEL E. DAVIDSOHN Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Program Director VOLKER WEISS Syracuse University Conference Administrator WILLIAM K. WILSON Syracuse University Conference Coordinator KAREN A. KALOOSTIAN Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Program Coordinator MARY ANN HOLMQUIST Syracuse University Poster Coordinator CAT HERINE A. BYRNE Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Steering Committee ALFRED L. BROZ Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center GORDON A. BRUGGEMAN Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center DA VID R. CLARKE IBM Corporation DONALD G. GROVES National Research Council LUCY HAGAN U.S. Army Material Command GARY L. HAGNAUER Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center PHILLIP A. PARRISH U.S. Army Research Office RUSTUM ROY The Pennsylvania State University PREFACE The Sagamore Army Materials Research Conferences have been held in the beautiful Adirondack Mountains of New York State since 1954. Organized and conducted by the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center (Watertown, Massachusetts) in cooperation with Syracuse University, the Conferences have focused on key issues in Materials Science and Engineering that impact directly on current or future Army problem areas. A select group of speakers and attendees are assembled from academia, industry, and other parts of the Department of Defense and Government to provide an optimum forum for a full dialogue on the selected topic. This book is a collection of the full manuscripts of the formal presentations given at the Conference. The emergence and use of nontraditional materials and the excessive failures and reject rates of high technology, materials intensive engineering systems necessitates a new approach to quality control. Thus, the theme of this year's Thirty-First Conference, "Materials Characterization for Systems Performance and Reliability," was selected to focus on the need and mechanisms to transition from defect interrogation of materials after production to utilization of materials characterization during manufacturing. The guidance and help of the steering committee and the dedicated and conscientious efforts of Ms. Karen Ka100stian, Con ference Coordinator, and Mr. William K. Wilson, and Ms. Mary Ann Holmquist are gratefully acknowledged. The continued active interest and support of Dr. Edward S. Wright, Director, AMMRC; Dr. Robert W. Lewis, Associate Director, AMMRC; and COL L. C. Ross, Commander/ Deputy Director, AMMRC; are greatly appreciated. James W. McCauley Conference Chairman vii CONTENTS SECTION I INTRODUCTION Chairman: Volker Weiss Materials Characterization: Definition, Philosophy and Overview of Conference • • • • • • • • • 1 James W. McCauley Materials Processing Systems Control and Competition 13 G.B. Kenney Nondestructive Materials Characterization • • • • • • • •• 31 R.E. Green, Jr. SECTION II INTRINSIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS Chairman: Wenzel E. Davidshon Compositional Characterization of Dielectric Oxides 59 D.M. Smyth High MOdulus Polymers from Flexible Chain Thermo- plastics • • • • • • • • • • • 69 R.S. Porter Structure/Property Relationships in High Strength Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 G.B. Olson Chemical Properties of Real and Ideal Glass Surfaces. • •• 127 C.G. Pantano ix SECTION III MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION IN MANUFACTURING I: STARTING MATERIALS Chairman: Phillip A. Parrish The Relationship Between Powder Properties, Sintered Microstructures and Optical Properties of Translucent Yttria • • 14~ F.C. Palilla, W.H. Rhodes, and C.S. Pitt Polymers and Polymer Precursor Characterization 189 G.L. Hagnauer Application of Chemical Characterization for Product Control and Improved Reliability • • • • • • • 245 W.E. Strobelt SECTION IV MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION IN MANUFACTURING II: IN-PROCESS Chairman: Alfred L. Broz Ceramic Materials Characterization Using Small Angle Neutron Scattering Techniques 257 K.A. Hardman-Rhyne and N.F. Berk The Role of Materials and Surface Science in Quality Assurance 271 J.D. Venables Cure Monitoring for Polymer Matrix Composites • • 275 B. Fanconi, F. Wang, D. Hunston, and F. Mopsik Process Control and Materials Characterization Within the Steel Industry •••••••• 293 J.R. Cook and B.G. Frock SECTION V MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION IN MANUFACTURING III: FINAL PRODUCT Chairman: Ram Kossowsky Application of Current NMR Technology to Materials Characterization • • 311 D.P. Burum x An Advanced Technique for Characterization of Polymer Materials by Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering 319 0 0 • 0 0 • • • • • • • 0 • C.R. Desper Applications of the Raman Microprobe to Materials Characterization 339 F. Adar SECTION VI IN-SERVICE AND PERFORMANCE MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION ISSUES Chairman: Gordon A. Bruggeman X-Ray Stress Measurement of Structural Ceramics • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 361 C.D. Rudd, C.P. Gazzara, D.J. Snoha, D.P. Ivkovich, and D.P.H. Hasselman A Renaissance in Neutron Radiography Via Accelerator Neutron Sources 385 J.J. Antal Analytical Applications in the Army Oil Analysis Program 403 C.M. Brown and L.E. Boley Characterizing Brittle-Fracture Resistance of Steel • • • • • • 413 0 0 DoM. Kindel, R.G. Hoagland, J.P. Hirth, and A. R. Rosenfield SECTION VII MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS Chairman: Donald G. Groves Materials Characterization - Vital and Often Successful, Yet Still a Critical Problem • • • • • • • • • • 425 D. Groves and J.B. Wachtman, Jr. Recent Issues and Policies Concerning Quality Assurance • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 445 H.L. Light xi Towards a Computerized Materials Characterization Expert System • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 451 V. Weiss A Total Quality Program 3M Case Studies • • • • • • • • •• 461 R. E. Richards Materials Characterization at a University. • • • • • • •• 475 John B. Wachtman, Jr. SECTION VIII SPECIFIC EXAMPLES Chairman: J.ames W. McCauley PANEL MEMBERS Charles Craig, U.S. Department of Energy Robert Green, The John Hopkins University Rustum Roy, The Pennsylvania State University John Wachtman, Jr., Rutgers University Ram Kossowsky, Wetin'ghou·se R&D Center Volker Weiss, Syracuse University Harry Light, U.S. Army Material Development and Readiness Command Nitrogen-15 Solid-State NMR Study of RDX and HMX-Polymorphs • • 479 S. Bulusu Carbon-13 and Nitrogen-15 Solid State NMR Investigation of the Structure and Chemical Interactions Among Nitro Cellulose-Nitramine Propellant . . . . . . . . . Formulations • • • • • • • • • • • 487 S. Bulusu A Study of Polymers Using Fluoresent Dyes 495 C.A. Byrne, E.J. Pozionek, 0.1. Kutai, S.L. Suib, and S.J. Huang Microcomputer Based Ultrasonic Imaging •••••••••• 505 J.J. Grober and J.M. Smith Material Degredation Under Pulsed High Temperature and High Pressure • • • • • • •• 513 L.D. Jennings, S. Lin, and A.S. Marot~a xii
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