Mastering PHP 7

514 Pages·2017·11.538 MB·english

by  Branko Ajzele

Mastering PHP 7
Design, configure, build and test
professional web applications in PHP 7
Branko Ajzele
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Mastering PHP 7
Copyright © 2017 Packt Publishing
First published: June 2017
Production reference: 1220617
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham
B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-78588-281-4
www.packtpub.com
Contents
Preface
1
Chapter 1: The All New PHP
7
Scalar type hints 8
Return type hints 11
Anonymous classes 12
Generator delegation 15
Generator return expressions 17
The null coalesce operator 18
The spaceship operator 20
Constant arrays 21
Uniform variable syntax 22
Throwables 24
Group use declarations 26
Catching multiple exceptions types 27
Class constant visibility modifiers 28
Iterable pseudo-type 29
Nullable types 30
Void return types 32
Summary 33
Chapter 2: Embracing Standards
34
PSR-1 - basic coding standard 36
PSR-2 - coding style guide 40
PSR-3 - logger interface 47
PSR-4 - autoloading standard 50
PSR-6 - caching interface 52
PSR-7 - HTTP message interface 54
PSR-13 - hypermedia links 59
Summary 61
Chapter 3: Error Handling and Logging
62
Error handling 63
Error 66
ArithmeticError 68
DivisionByZeroError 69
AssertionError 71
ParseError 72
TypeError 73
Uncaught error handler 75
Triggering errors 77
Exception 78
Creating a custom exception handler 79
Rethrowing exceptions 80
Uncaught Exception handler 81
Logging 82
Native logging 83
Logging with Monolog 86
Summary 91
Chapter 4: Magic Behind Magic Methods
92
Using __construct() 93
Using __destruct() 98
Using __call() 100
Using __callStatic() 103
Using __set() 104
Using __get() 106
Using __isset() 107
Using __unset() 109
Using __sleep() 110
Using __wakeup() 112
Using __toString() 114
Using __invoke() 116
Using __set_state() 117
Using __clone() 119
Using __debugInfo() 121
Usage statistics across popular platforms 121
Summary 123
Chapter 5: The Realm of CLI
124
Understanding PHP CLI 125
The Console component 127
Setting up the Console component 128
Creating a console command 131
Dealing with inputs 134
Using Console component helpers 138
Input/output streams 140
Process control 142
Ticks 143
Signals 146
Alarms 149
Multiprocessing 151
Summary 154
Chapter 6: Prominent OOP Features
155
Object inheritance 156
Objects and references 161
Object iteration 163
Object comparison 166
Traits 168
Reflection 174
Summary 178
Chapter 7: Optimizing for High Performance
179
Max execution time 180
Memory management 182
File uploads 184
Session handling 187
Output buffering 189
Disabling debug messages 192
Zend OPcache 196
Concurrency 197
Summary 198
Chapter 8: Going Serverless
199
Using the serverless framework 200
Using Iron.io IronWorker 209
Summary 223
Chapter 9: Reactive Programming
224
Similarities with event-driven programming 225
Using RxPHP 227
Installing RxPHP 227
Observable and observer 229
Subject 234
Operator 236
Writing custom operators 241
Non-blocking IO 244
Using React 250
Installing React 250
React event loop 252
Observables and event loop 256
Summary 259
Chapter 10: Common Design Patterns
260
Base patterns 261
The registry pattern 261
Creational patterns 262
The singleton pattern 263
The prototype pattern 264
The abstract factory pattern 265
The builder pattern 267
The object pool pattern 269
Behavioral patterns 271
The strategy pattern 271
The observer pattern 272
The lazy initialization pattern 274
The chain of responsibility pattern 276
Structural patterns 277
The decorator pattern 278
Summary 280
Chapter 11: Building Services
281
Understanding the client-server relationship 282
Working with SOAP 282
XML extensions 284
Creating server 289
Creating WSDL file 292
Creating client 296
Working with REST 298
JSON extensions 299
Creating server 300
Creating client 304
Working with Apache Thrift (RPC) 306
Installing Apache Thrift 306
Defining service 308
Creating server 311
Creating client 312
Understanding microservices 313
Summary 315
Chapter 12: Working with Databases
316
Working with MySQL 317
Installing MySQL 318
Setting up sample data 322
Querying via the MySQLi driver extension 325
Connecting 325
Error handling 325
Selecting 326
Binding parameters 329
Inserting 330
Updating 332
Deleting 333
Transactions 333
Querying via the PHP Data Objects driver extension 335
Connecting 336
Error handling 336
Selecting 337
Inserting 340
Updating 341
Deleting 341
Transactions 342
Working with MongoDB 343
Installing MongoDB 344
Setting up sample data 344
Querying via the MongoDB driver extension 345
Connecting 346
Error handling 347
Selecting 347
Inserting 349
Updating 350
Deleting 352
Transactions 353
Working with Redis 354
Installing Redis 354
Setting up sample data 355
Querying via the phpredis driver extension 356
Connecting 357
Error handling 357
Selecting 357
Inserting 359
Updating 361
Deleting 361
Transactions 362
Summary 363
Chapter 13: Resolving Dependencies
364
Mitigating the common problem 365
Understanding dependency injection 367
Understanding dependency injection container 371
Summary 374
Chapter 14: Working with Packages
375
Understanding Composer 376
Understanding Packagist 378
Using third-party packages 380
Creating your own package 382
Distributing your package 385
Summary 389
Chapter 15: Testing the Important Bits
390
PHPUnit 391
Setting up the PHPUnit 392
Setting up a sample application 393
Writing test 398
Executing tests 402
Code coverage 403
Behat 406
Setting up Behat 407
Setting up a sample application 408
Writing test 410
Executing tests 416
phpspec 418
Setting up phpspec 418
Writing test 419
Executing tests 423
jMeter 426
Writing test 426
Executing tests 433
Summary 434
Chapter 16: Debugging, Tracing, and Profiling
435
Xdebug 436
Installation 437
Debugging 441
Tracing 449
Profiling 451
Zend Z-Ray 453
Installing Zend Server 454
Setting up the virtual host 460
Using Z-Ray 466
Summary 469
Chapter 17: Hosting, Provisioning, and Deployment
470
Choosing the right hosting plan 471
Shared server 471
Virtual private server 472
Dedicated server 474
PaaS 475
Automating provisioning 478
Setting up the workstation machine 480
Setting up the server machine 481
Configuring Ansible 484
Provisioning a web server 486
Automating the deployment 487
Installing Deployer 488
Using Deployer 489
Continuous integration 495
Jenkins 496
Summary 497
Index
499
Preface
The PHP language has been around for quite some time now. What started out as a humble
set of scripts, soon turned into a powerful scripting language. The rise of various
frameworks and platforms paved the way into the hearts of many developers. Over time,
PHP coding standards sprung out, along with numerous testing solutions. These gave it
the solid enterprise foothold it has today.
The latest PHP 7.1 release brings forth enormous amount of improvements, both from the
language syntax and overall performance perspective. There has never been a better time to
dig into a PHP than now.
Throughout this book, we will be covering a wide range of topics. These might seem
seemingly random at first, but they reflect a minimum skill level PHP developers are
required to possess nowadays.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, The All New PHP, talks about the latest changes introduced to the PHP 7.1
language, most of which directly improve the quality and elegancy of written code.
Chapter 2, Embracing Standards, introduces you to important standards in the PHP
ecosystem. Presented standards affect the quality and elegancy of code, pushing ypu closer
to truly mastering PHP.
Chapter 3, Error Handling and Logging, stresses on the importance of robust error handling
and effective logging. You will learn how to handle errors and log truly important bits of
information--two disciplines that often lack proper attention in everyday PHP coding.
Chapter 4, Magic Behind Magic Methods, discusses the magic functions available in PHP
classes, and their beauty and importance. You will learn every PHP magic method, and
its meaning and use through practical examples.
Chapter 5, The Realm of CLI, explores command-line PHP, and its tools and processes. You
will learn how to use Symfony's Console component, work with input/output streams, and
handle processes.