Mastering Human Biology

428 Pages·1991·30.627 MB·English

by  Jean Roberts (auth.)

0
Mastering
Human biology
Macmillan Master Series
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Mastering
QHuman biology
Jean Roberts
M
MACMILLAN
© Jean Roberts 1991
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission
of this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied
or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance
with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place,
London WC1E 7DP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to
this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damages.
First published 1991
Published by
MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
Typeset & Illustrated by TecSet Ltd, Wallington, Surrey
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Roberts, Jean
Mastering human biology
1. Man. Physiology
I. Title
612
ISBN 978-0-333-52042-0 ISBN 978-1-349-11386-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-11386-6
For my parents, Anne and Frank
Ocontents
Preface X
A message to the student xi
Acknowledgements xii
1 Building blocks 1
1.1 The basic unit of life 1
1.2 Observing cells 5
1.3 Variety, design and function 10
1.4 Cells working together 15
1.5 Characteristics of living things 17
2 Cells at work 24
2.1 Movement in and out of cells 24
2.2 The cell and chemical reactions 35
3 Making new cells 49
3.1 Shopping list 49
3.2 The mechanics of cell-making 60
4 Energy for life 66
4.1 The Sun and the green plant 66
4.2 Deforestation 78
4.3 The greenhouse nobody wants 82
4.4 Fossil fuels and dying forests 86
5 Food for energy 96
5.1 Good food - nutrition and energy 96
5.2 From apples to energy 106
5.3 Passing on the energy 125
5.4 Cycles - carbon and nitrogen 132
5.5 Energy and human use 139
6 Transport 144
6.1 Blood 144
6.2 Blood vessels 152
6.3 The heart 157
6.4 Serving the body 164
6.5 Blood groups 167
6.6 Rhesus factor 170
6.7 What can go wrong? 171
viii Contents
7 Breathing and respiration 177
7.1 The breathing system 177
7.2 Breathing in and breathing out 182
7.3 Gaseous exchange 185
7.4 Inspired and expired air 186
7.5 Cellular respiration 191
7.6 Take a deep breath! 194
7.7 Artificial resuscitation 199
7.8 Smoking 201
7.9 Industrial diseases of the lungs 204
8 Thermostats and waste disposal 207
8.1 The skin 207
8.2 The kidney 214
8.3 Formation of urine 218
8.4 Kidney failure, dialysis and transplants 223
9 Support and movement 230
9.1 The human form 230
9.2 The nature and structure of bone 230
9.3 Bones, bones and more bones! 235
9.4 Joints 241
9.5 Muscles and how they work 248
9.6 Feet 254
9.7 Stand up straight! 258
10 Sensing and responding 262
10.1 Neurones and nerves 262
10.2 Responding quickly 265
10.3 The brain and the body 270
10.4 Stressful lives 273
10.5 Stimulants and depressants 276
10.6 Mental handicap 280
10.7 Seeing 282
10.8 Hearing 289
10.9 Knowing where you are: balance 292
10.10 Taste and smell 295
10.11 Responding slowly 297
11 Reproduction 301
11.1 Sex isn't easy! 301
11.2 The male system 302
11.3 The female system 306
11.4 Fertilisation and beyond 310
11.5 Mother and baby 315
11.6 Growth and development 324
11.7 IVF and ET 327
11.8 Birth control and contraception 330
11.9 A sexually transmitted disease 334
Contents ix
12 Sex, blood and ear lobes 336
12.1 Variety 336
12.2 Setting the scene 340
12.3 Cell division with a difference 342
12.4 Sex 346
12.5 Sickle cell anaemia - a case of monohybrid inheritance 350
12.6 Blood 353
12.7 Mistakes 355
12.8 Changing, selecting and evolving 357
12.9 Using the system: genetic engineering 361
13 Understanding the good and the bad 365
13.1 What are micro-organisms? 365
13.2 Spreading microbes around 372
13.3 The effects of pathogens 374
13.4 Food poisoning - cause and prevention 375
13.5 Food preservation 381
13.6 We wouldn't be without them 385
13.7 Defence and attack 387
14 Methane, typhoid and rubbish 392
14.1 Sewage 392
14.2 Water 397
14.3 Rubbish, recycling and responsibility 402
Appendix 404
Hypotheses 404
Making a table for results 405
Plotting line graphs 406
Constructing bar charts and histograms 408
Atoms, elements, molecules and compounds 410
Transverse and longitudinal sections 411
Index 413
QPreface
The decision to study human biology often stems from an interest in how the body
works. Enthusiastic students may, however, feel alienated and inadequate when
they encounter mathematics and chemistry within the course, and irritated by the
appearance of plants and non-human animals - these may seem out of place and
unnecessary. This book is designed to enable the student to build up a good
understanding and knowledge of the human being, not only as a working body but
also as one that interacts with its planet and its fellow-occupants. The student will
also realise that some chemistry and mathematics are integral to developing this
understanding. Study of the subject crosses artificial academic barriers and
enables the growth of scientific skills.
The aims of GCSE human biology courses have fortunately moved us away
from a cold, static approach and towards real science, real understanding and real
enjoyment. Mastering Human Biology fulfils all the aims and objectives of GCSE
and its subject content will meet the requirements of all the GCSE boards.
This book is suitable for any student of human biology, whether he or she is
following a full-time or a part-time course. Open learning students will find it easy
to follow; the ideas and themes build upon each other progressively. Lack of
previous scientific knowledge will not be a handicap, as new concepts are
explained at the time the student needs to know them.
Parts of the text are boxed, either for easy reference or to provide the student
with information that may be unfamiliar, such as the commonly used units of
measurement; students who do possess this knowledge can disregard that
particular box, while others will have easy access to the information they need
without having to find other textbooks and thereby lose the flow of the text.
The book is designed to be interactive - that is, not just to provide 'facts' but to
enable students to think and develop their own ideas. For example, students are
encouraged to predict and deduce, and to design experiments, all of which will
enable them to 'own' the subject. Mastering Human Biology will act as a
facilitator, encouraging curiosity, appreciation, interest and enjoyment as well as
developing scientific method and skills.
JEAN RoBERTS