Table Of Content

MASTERED BY THE CLOCK Mark M. Smith THE FRED W. MORRISON SERIES IN SOUTHERN STUDIES Mastered by the Clock The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill & London © 1997 The University of North Carolina Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in- All rights reserved Publication Data Manufactured in the United States of America Smith, Mark M. (Mark Michael), 1968– Designed by April Leidig-Higgins Mastered by the clock: time, slavery, and Set in Minion by Keystone Typesetting, Inc. freedom in the American South / Mark M. Smith. p. cm.–(Fred W. Morrison series The paper in this book meets the guidelines for in Southern studies) permanence and durability of the Committee on Includes bibliographical references (p. ) Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the and index. Council on Library Resources. ISBN 0-8078-2344-9 (cloth: alk. paper).— Material from my article, “Time, Slavery and ISBN 0-8078-4693-7 (pbk.: alk. paper) Plantation Capitalism in the Ante-Bellum American 1. Slavery—Southern States—History—18th South,” Past and Present: A Journal of Historical century. 2. Slavery—Southern States— Studies 150 (February 1996): 142–68, is used by History—19th century. 3. Time—Social permission from The Past and Present Society, aspects—Southern States—History—18th Oxford, England. century. 4. Time—Social aspects— Southern States—History—19th century. A version of Chapter 1 first appeared as “Counting 5. Plantation life—Southern States— Clocks, Owning Time: Detailing and Interpreting History—18th century. 6. Plantation life— Clock and Watch Ownership in the Antebellum Southern States—History—19th century. South, 1739–1865” Time and Society: An Inter- 7. Southern States—Social conditions. national Interdisciplinary Journal 3 (October 1994): 321–40; used by permission of SAGE Publications. I. Title. II. Series. E446.S65 1997 97-7045 01 00 99 98 97 5 4 3 2 1 975'.00496—dc21 CIP FOR MARGARET J. SMITH AND MICHAEL J. LEA; IN MEMORY OF E. F. GOODCHILD CONTENTS xvii Acknowledgments 1 Introduction. Time in Southern Slave Society 17 1 Times Democratic: Clocks, Watches, Makers, and Owners, 1700–1900 39 2 Taming Time’s Pinions, Weaving Time’s Web: Of Times Natural, Sacred, and Secular, 1700–1900 69 3 Apostles of Progress, Agents of Time: Consolidating Time Consciousness in the South, 1750–1865 93 4 Master Time, 1750–1865 129 5 Time in African American Work and Culture 153 6 New South, Old Time 177 Epilogue. Times Hegemonic: Standard Time 185 Appendix 211 Notes 259 Bibliography 293 Index